Important WAT Topics 2025 For IIMs and Other Top B-schools

Top MBA Written Ability Test Topics 2025 - MBA aspirants must keep in mind that scoring well on the CAT or any other exam is just one part of the process; successfully navigating the other rounds is equally important. The MBA admissions process frequently includes the Written Ability Test (WAT), which is designed to evaluate your writing abilities and creative thinking. Current events, business trends, and social issues are often the topics of writing assessments in various B-schools.

Candidates can reflect their communication skills as well as command over the language through the Written Ability Test. The weightage of WAT may vary from b-school to b-school and is usually in the range of 10-20 percent. Different B-schools may refer to it differently, i.e., IIM Ahmedabad refers to it as the Academic Writing Test (AWT), while IIM Calcutta and Bangalore refer to it as the Writing Ability Test (WAT).

Topic 1: Author claimed that the Cursive Handwriting practiced in early childhood days in school is of no use and is a waste of time in this Tech-Savvy world these days. He suggested the schools to focus more on sports, music and other creative activities and advocated for Introduction of Technology in Writing.

While discussing any topic, we must look at both the benefits and limitations. Hence, for the above topic, here are two scenarios:

Cursive Handwriting is No Longer Necessary in the Tech-Savvy World

In today’s rapidly evolving world, where technology plays a dominant role in shaping our lives, the claim that cursive handwriting is of no use and a waste of time in early childhood education gains significant traction. Advocating for a shift in focus towards sports, music, and other creative activities, as well as the introduction of technology in writing, presents several compelling arguments.

1. Technology is the Future of Communication

In the modern era, technology has revolutionized the way we communicate. The advent of digital devices such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops has made handwritten notes, including cursive writing, increasingly obsolete. People, from students to professionals, primarily rely on typing for communication, documentation, and daily tasks. The emphasis in education is now shifting towards digital literacy, which includes typing skills, familiarity with software tools, and even voice-assisted technology. In a world where keyboards have replaced pens, the need for cursive handwriting becomes less relevant.

2. Time and Resources Could Be Better Spent Elsewhere

Learning cursive handwriting requires significant time and effort. For young children, mastering cursive can be a time-consuming process that diverts attention away from more pressing subjects such as science, mathematics, and literacy skills. Instead of spending hours practicing a skill that may have limited application in the real world, children could better allocate their time to sports, music, or other creative activities. These disciplines offer broader cognitive, emotional, and physical benefits that go beyond just academic success. Engaging in physical activity boosts mental health, creativity, teamwork, and focus, all of which are vital life skills that children need in the modern world.

3. Cursive is Not Necessary for Cognitive Development

The cognitive and motor skills that cursive handwriting purportedly enhances—such as hand-eye coordination and fine motor control—can also be developed through other activities. For example, drawing, painting, or even playing musical instruments can provide similar developmental benefits without the specific need for cursive handwriting. Modern educational approaches emphasize a more holistic development of a child, including cognitive, emotional, and physical growth. Thus, focusing more on activities that stimulate creativity and problem-solving can be just as beneficial, if not more, than practicing cursive.

4. Technological Integration in Writing Can Improve Efficiency

Introducing technology into writing can vastly improve efficiency and productivity. Typing is faster than handwriting, and word-processing programs offer tools such as spell-check and grammar suggestions that improve writing quality. In addition, digital platforms provide better organization, sharing, and collaboration. Learning to use these tools effectively is vital in today’s world. The ability to type quickly, use digital writing tools, and engage in online communication is a skill that will serve children well throughout their academic and professional lives. Encouraging students to develop these tech skills from an early age better prepares them for the future.

5. Cursive is No Longer Used in the Professional World

Many workplaces today no longer require employees to write by hand, let alone use cursive. Written communication is done through emails, reports, and digital documents, which can all be produced with a keyboard. While there may be a place for handwriting in certain artistic or personal contexts, the majority of professional correspondence relies on digital platforms. The need for cursive writing, therefore, becomes redundant in most career paths.

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Against: Cursive Handwriting Remains Valuable Despite the Tech-Savvy World

While technology undeniably plays a significant role in modern education and communication, the claim that cursive handwriting is of no use in today’s tech-driven society overlooks several important aspects of cognitive development, personal expression, and the enduring importance of handwriting. Here are the arguments for why cursive handwriting remains a valuable skill, even in the digital age.

1. Cursive Writing Enhances Cognitive and Motor Skills

Learning cursive handwriting can have important cognitive benefits, particularly in developing fine motor skills and cognitive processing. Writing in cursive requires the brain to engage in complex fine motor control and muscle coordination, which are critical for young children’s development. This process helps children improve their overall learning abilities and boosts their cognitive functions, such as memory and attention. Studies have shown that handwriting (especially cursive) activates the brain in ways that typing does not, and this can have a positive impact on learning outcomes.

Furthermore, cursive writing promotes faster writing speeds and improved flow of ideas. Unlike print writing, cursive allows for more fluid and continuous writing, which can aid in note-taking and help students think more clearly during writing tasks. This skill can be particularly useful in academic settings where writing speed and clarity of thought are essential.

2. Cursive Fosters Better Retention of Information

Several studies suggest that handwriting, particularly cursive, improves memory retention and learning. When students write by hand, they engage more deeply with the material than when typing, leading to better comprehension and retention. This is especially important in early education, where the foundation of knowledge is built. Cursive writing, due to its fluidity, requires a higher level of concentration and engagement, which can enhance the recall of information compared to typing.

3. Cursive Writing Is an Important Cultural and Historical Skill

Cursive handwriting has historical significance, and the ability to read and write in cursive connects us to past generations. Many historical documents, such as the U.S. Constitution and original letters from prominent figures, are written in cursive. Understanding cursive allows students to access and appreciate these cultural and historical texts. Moreover, personal correspondence, such as letters and handwritten notes, often carries sentimental value. Learning cursive allows individuals to express themselves in a deeply personal way that digital communications cannot replicate.

4. Cursive Writing Encourages Creativity and Personal Expression

Handwriting, especially in cursive, offers a form of personal expression that digital communication cannot match. A person’s handwriting is unique and can reflect their individuality. In a world increasingly dominated by digital interactions, cursive provides a means for people to connect with one another on a more personal level through handwritten notes or letters. Cursive writing also allows for artistic creativity through calligraphy and design, which can be a rewarding outlet for students. Creative activities like this can help foster a deeper connection to one's work and emotions.

5. Technology Should Complement, Not Replace, Traditional Skills

While technology plays a key role in modern education, it should not replace traditional skills like handwriting. Instead, technology should complement these skills, providing students with a balanced education that incorporates both the digital and traditional realms. Writing in cursive does not have to be an either/or scenario with technology; both can coexist. Students should be taught the benefits of cursive writing alongside technology to ensure they are well-rounded in their educational experience.

6. Some Professions Still Value Handwritten Cursive

Although digital communication dominates most workplaces, there are still fields in which handwriting is highly valued. Professions in design, art, and even legal professions often require the ability to write by hand, whether for creative projects, annotations, or formal documents. While digital tools have their place, the ability to write legibly and fluently in cursive is still considered an asset in certain situations. Additionally, learning cursive can be important for personal branding, as a signature is a key aspect of a person’s identity in the professional world.

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The debate over whether cursive handwriting should remain a part of early childhood education in a tech-savvy world is multi-faceted. On one hand, proponents of technology and innovation argue that digital tools are more relevant to students' futures, while opponents emphasize the enduring cognitive, cultural, and personal benefits of cursive handwriting.

Ultimately, the solution may lie in striking a balance. Instead of discarding cursive entirely, schools can incorporate it as part of a broader curriculum that includes both traditional skills and modern technology. By doing so, students can benefit from the cognitive and personal advantages of cursive writing while also acquiring the digital literacy skills essential for success in the contemporary world.

• ·        All news anchors are the same. There is no real news anywhere. They invite guests on their shows and ask aggressive question like, "In a country where leaders like Gandhi Ji lead their lives for the country, you are talking about potholes". They try to sensationalize every issue. Govt. should control media as soon as possible.

Government Should Control the Media

The claim that “all news anchors are the same” and the suggestion that the government should control the media stem from concerns over the quality, integrity, and objectivity of modern news reporting. With the media playing an increasingly influential role in shaping public opinion, it is crucial to address how sensationalized, biased, and often misleading reporting can distort the facts and harm society. Below are the key arguments in favor of greater government regulation of media outlets.

1. Sensationalism and Misinformation

News anchors, driven by the need to attract viewers and increase ratings, often sensationalize stories. This involves presenting news in a way that prioritizes shock value or drama over factual accuracy. For instance, as pointed out in the example where a news anchor aggressively questions a guest about potholes in the context of great national leaders, such questioning is an attempt to create conflict and polarize the audience rather than facilitate a constructive discussion. When news outlets focus on stirring emotions or controversy, they risk spreading misinformation, which can confuse the public and lead to misinformed decisions.

In a world where the line between opinion and fact is often blurred, the government’s involvement in regulating the media could ensure that news outlets adhere to more stringent standards of objectivity, factual accuracy, and responsible journalism.

2. Bias and Lack of Objectivity

Another concern is that many news anchors and media outlets are heavily biased, reflecting the interests of specific political parties, corporate entities, or ideological viewpoints. This bias compromises the integrity of the information being presented. A politically biased media system can mislead the public into thinking that their opinions and beliefs are facts, which impedes critical thinking and healthy discourse.

Government control or regulation could encourage media outlets to provide a balanced and objective perspective, ensuring that all sides of a story are presented fairly. By reducing partisan narratives and promoting neutral, fact-based reporting, the media would serve its true function of informing the public without hidden agendas.

3. Accountability and Ethical Standards

The media should be held accountable for the content it produces. When news anchors sensationalize issues or ask aggressive questions for the sake of ratings, they are often neglecting the ethical responsibility of journalism to serve the public interest. Aggressive questioning, like the example where leaders are used to shame guests, serves to polarize viewers and foster hostility rather than encouraging constructive conversation.

Government oversight can impose ethical guidelines that ensure media outlets focus on issues that truly matter, encourage respectful debate, and provide accurate and relevant information. Such guidelines would help curb irresponsible journalism practices that often damage the public’s trust in the media.

4. Public Trust and National Security

Uncontrolled media can sometimes jeopardize national security by spreading panic, fear, or misinformation during times of crisis, as seen with the spread of false rumors during elections or global events like pandemics. The public’s trust in the media plays a crucial role in maintaining social order. When media outlets fail to fulfill their duties of delivering trustworthy news, it weakens public confidence in their content and harms the democratic process.

By controlling the media to ensure that news is both accurate and presented responsibly, the government can foster a healthier public discourse that enhances social stability and national security.

5. Focus on National Issues

As illustrated in the question about potholes and national leaders like Gandhi, some news anchors divert attention away from important national issues by focusing on trivial matters. The government should regulate the media to ensure that coverage is more focused on topics that have genuine national significance, such as economic development, healthcare, education, and social welfare. Instead of sensationalizing petty disputes, media should engage with issues that shape the future of the country.

By guiding media outlets to prioritize essential topics, the government can promote a more informed and engaged citizenry that is focused on collective progress.

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Against: Government Should Not Control the Media

While the idea of government intervention in media may seem appealing as a means to curb sensationalism and bias, it comes with significant risks that could undermine fundamental democratic principles such as freedom of speech and the independence of the press. Here are the key arguments against government control over media.

1. Freedom of the Press and Democracy

One of the most vital pillars of a democracy is the freedom of the press. This allows for diverse opinions, the questioning of authority, and the ability to hold those in power accountable. When governments exert control over media, they can suppress dissenting voices and silence critical journalism. If the government were to have the power to regulate or control the media, it could lead to censorship of stories that are unfavorable to the ruling party or political leaders, undermining the free flow of information.

The independence of the press ensures that all viewpoints, including those critical of the government, are represented. It is essential for journalists to be free to report without fear of retaliation or manipulation by the state.

2. Risk of Political Manipulation

Government control over the media runs the risk of political manipulation. If the media is controlled by the state, it becomes a tool for propaganda, shaping public perception to align with the interests of those in power. Rather than providing unbiased news, such a system could lead to state-controlled narratives that may distort reality or hide important truths from the public.

In this context, news would become less about serving the people and more about serving the political agenda of the government. This is particularly concerning in a world where media freedom is essential to preventing abuses of power and maintaining transparency.

3. Censorship and Suppression of Critical Voices

Government control over media can lead to the censorship of stories that challenge the status quo or criticize government policies. History has shown that media under government control often fails to serve the public interest, as it may withhold critical information that could benefit society or expose government wrongdoing.

Critical journalism acts as a check on power and is an essential part of holding leaders accountable. Without this freedom, corruption, injustice, and abuse of power may go unchecked, leading to an erosion of democratic values and institutions.

4. Encouraging Self-Regulation Rather Than Control

Instead of government control, the media should be encouraged to regulate itself through established codes of conduct, ethics, and standards. Professional bodies, independent media watchdogs, and journalist associations can play a key role in ensuring responsible journalism. Such self-regulation empowers the media to uphold integrity, while still maintaining its independence from political influence.

Many countries have robust systems of self-regulation, where journalists adhere to ethical standards that promote objectivity, fairness, and accuracy in reporting. Rather than relying on government control, media organizations can adopt voluntary ethical guidelines to balance their pursuit of sensational stories with responsible reporting.

5. The Importance of Diverse Opinions

In a democratic society, it is vital to have a wide range of opinions represented in the media, including those that challenge mainstream perspectives. Allowing a diversity of voices ensures that the public has access to a broad spectrum of information and is able to form their own opinions. Government control over the media could limit this diversity, pushing only one version of the truth and stifling alternative viewpoints.

Moreover, different forms of media, including independent and online platforms, provide space for individuals to express their opinions freely. The advent of digital media has democratized access to information and allowed for a variety of voices to be heard, regardless of government interference.

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The idea of government controlling the media raises a critical debate about striking the right balance between ensuring responsible journalism and preserving media freedom. On one hand, the regulation of sensationalism, misinformation, and bias could improve the quality of news reporting. On the other hand, government intervention could threaten the independence of the press, leading to censorship and political manipulation.

Rather than advocating for direct government control, it is essential to encourage ethical standards, self-regulation, and the empowerment of independent media outlets. This would allow journalists to serve their role as the fourth estate, holding power to account while maintaining a free and open public discourse. Ultimately, the media should be a tool for informing the public, not for serving political agendas, and it is crucial to preserve the freedom to critique and question those in power.

• ·        Development in metro cities is resulting in broken families and making people insensitive toward one another.

Development in Metro Cities is Resulting in Broken Families and Insensitivity

The rapid development of metro cities has transformed the urban landscape, offering opportunities for economic growth, employment, and infrastructural advancements. However, the very progress that makes metro cities attractive also contributes to societal challenges. One of the significant adverse effects of urban development is its impact on families, leading to fractured relationships, emotional distance, and a rise in insensitivity toward one another. Below are the key arguments in favor of this view:

1. Increased Work Pressures and Long Working Hours

In metro cities, the relentless pace of work and the growing demands of corporate environments often result in people spending long hours at work, leaving little time for family and personal connections. Professionals are required to meet tight deadlines, attend meetings, and deal with the pressures of a fast-paced work environment. As a result, they struggle to balance their work and home life, leading to strained relationships.

The lack of quality time spent with loved ones, especially children and spouses, can result in emotional distance and misunderstandings, which over time can erode the family bond. The high level of work pressure also leads to stress and mental health issues, which can exacerbate family breakdowns.

2. Financial Instability and Increased Cost of Living

While metro cities offer higher salaries, the cost of living is also significantly greater. Housing, transportation, education, and daily necessities are more expensive in urban areas, which can cause financial stress for families. This pressure can lead to arguments, anxiety, and a lack of overall family well-being. When families struggle to make ends meet, they often prioritize financial stability over emotional connection, leading to a growing sense of insensitivity and disconnection among family members.

Additionally, the desire to maintain a certain standard of living in metro cities leads to a workaholic lifestyle where both partners may be forced to work long hours, reducing opportunities for emotional bonding and family cohesion.

3. Social Isolation and the Breakdown of Traditional Family Structures

In traditional family settings, extended families often played a vital role in providing emotional support, caregiving, and strengthening the familial bond. However, with the advent of urbanization and the rise of nuclear families, many people find themselves living far from their extended families. This social isolation, compounded by long working hours and a lack of time for socializing, leads to a breakdown of community and emotional connections.

Metro cities, despite their crowded nature, can ironically foster a sense of loneliness and alienation. With everyone rushing through their busy lives, there is little time to build deep, meaningful relationships, not only within families but also in the larger community. This lack of emotional support can strain family relationships, and over time, this lack of closeness may lead to misunderstandings, conflicts, and even separation.

4. Loss of Emotional and Physical Connection

Technology, while facilitating convenience in daily life, has also contributed to the growing emotional and physical distance between family members. In metro cities, the pervasive use of smartphones, social media, and online platforms has replaced face-to-face interactions, especially within households. Family members may be physically present but emotionally absent, spending their time on digital devices instead of engaging in meaningful conversations.

Children, for example, may be left to their own devices, both literally and figuratively, with limited parental guidance or attention. Parents may be so absorbed in their work or personal devices that they miss the emotional cues of their children. Over time, this disconnection creates a lack of empathy, understanding, and emotional bonding, leading to a breakdown in family relationships.

5. Cultural Shift and Changing Values

Metro cities often attract people from diverse regions, cultures, and backgrounds, which can lead to a blending of values and lifestyles. While diversity is beneficial, it can also create tensions within families, particularly when there is a conflict between traditional family values and the more individualistic culture of urban life. For example, the pursuit of personal goals, such as career advancement and individual freedom, may take precedence over family responsibilities, which can strain relationships.

In urban areas, where individual success is often prioritized, the importance of family ties may diminish. Children growing up in such environments may become increasingly independent, emotionally detached, or insensitive to the needs of their family members. Parents, too, may focus more on career growth than nurturing family connections, further exacerbating the breakdown of traditional family structures.

6. Mental Health Issues and Stress

The fast-paced lifestyle of metro cities often leads to chronic stress, anxiety, and other mental health issues, which can take a toll on family dynamics. People who are overburdened by work, financial issues, and social isolation may suffer from mental health conditions like depression and anxiety, affecting their ability to connect with their family members. This emotional strain can manifest as irritability, withdrawal, or anger, leading to conflicts within families.

Mental health challenges, when left unaddressed, can result in families growing apart. Individuals may become increasingly insular, focusing on their personal struggles rather than engaging with the emotional needs of their loved ones. This growing insensitivity towards one another can gradually deteriorate familial ties.

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Against: Development in Metro Cities Does Not Necessarily Lead to Broken Families and Insensitivity

While it is true that urbanization and the rapid development of metro cities have brought about certain challenges for families, it would be unfair and overly simplistic to argue that these changes inevitably lead to broken families and insensitivity. Here are the counterarguments to consider:

1. Improved Standards of Living and Opportunities for Growth

Metro cities offer numerous opportunities for financial and professional growth that can benefit families in the long run. High-paying jobs, access to better education, and a wider range of healthcare options are some of the advantages of living in urban areas. These opportunities can lead to a higher standard of living, which, in turn, can improve the quality of life for family members.

The financial stability that comes from working in metro cities can allow families to provide better for their children, invest in their future, and enjoy a more comfortable lifestyle. This financial security can also reduce stress and provide opportunities for family vacations, educational enrichment, and other bonding activities.

2. Technological Advancements Enable Better Communication

While technology can sometimes create a disconnect, it also offers new ways to connect with family members. The widespread use of video calls, messaging apps, and social media allows families to stay in touch regardless of physical distance. Even when family members live in different cities due to work or education, technology enables them to maintain strong emotional connections. This is especially important in metro cities, where people often move for career opportunities but still wish to stay connected with their loved ones.

Parents working long hours can use technology to keep in touch with their children, ensuring they remain involved in their lives despite being physically distant. Children, too, can reach out to their parents or extended family members through digital platforms, maintaining a sense of belonging.

3. Social Support Networks and Community Engagement

Despite the challenges of isolation, many metro cities have a vibrant community life with support networks that help counterbalance feelings of loneliness. There are numerous community centers, social clubs, and interest-based groups where people can form meaningful relationships. This social infrastructure can provide emotional support to families, especially newcomers who may be feeling disconnected.

Additionally, many families in urban settings create their own support systems by connecting with other families, friends, and neighbors. This social network can provide the emotional backup that families need, preventing them from becoming insular and insensitive toward one another.

4. Better Work-Life Balance Initiatives

With the increasing awareness of work-life balance, many companies in metro cities now offer flexible working hours, remote work options, and other family-friendly policies. These changes allow individuals to maintain successful careers while still having time for their families. As the modern workforce becomes more focused on employee well-being, it is possible for people to thrive professionally without neglecting their personal relationships.

Moreover, metro cities often provide access to recreational activities and cultural events, which allow families to bond over shared experiences. These opportunities help people engage in quality time together, reducing the likelihood of emotional disconnection.

5. Cultural Adaptation and Evolving Family Dynamics

As urbanization progresses, family structures and dynamics evolve to adapt to modern realities. While the traditional nuclear family may be changing, this does not necessarily lead to broken families. The concept of family has become more fluid, and families today are diverse in their structure, values, and ways of relating to one another. Some families may embrace more independent roles while still maintaining strong emotional ties, while others may choose alternative family structures that work for them.

These evolving dynamics can lead to more understanding and acceptance of different family models, fostering tolerance, and emotional growth. Families in metro cities may evolve in ways that allow them to maintain strong bonds while adapting to changing circumstances.

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The development of metro cities undeniably brings both advantages and challenges for family dynamics. While urbanization may contribute to stress, isolation, and a shift in values, it also provides families with opportunities for financial growth, improved communication, and access to support systems. Instead of viewing urban development as inherently detrimental to family life, it is important to recognize that families can adapt to these changes and find ways to maintain their emotional connections and well-being.

Ultimately, the key lies in finding a balance between work, personal life, and family commitments, as well as fostering healthy, supportive relationships both within and outside the family unit. Metro cities do not have to lead to broken families or insensitivity, but rather can provide families with the tools and opportunities to thrive in the modern world.

• ·        A passage about CSR Activity, indirectly stating that smoking and alcohol companies should not do CSR as it is just an eye wash.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a concept that encourages companies to take responsibility for the social, environmental, and economic impacts of their operations. In theory, CSR initiatives are meant to contribute positively to society, whether through supporting education, healthcare, environmental sustainability, or community development. However, there are instances where the true intentions behind these activities are brought into question.

Some companies, particularly in industries that profit from activities detrimental to health, such as tobacco and alcohol, often engage in CSR programs as a way to improve their public image. On the surface, these initiatives may appear charitable—funding health programs, supporting addiction recovery centers, or sponsoring community welfare projects. However, these actions often fail to address the core issue of their business model: promoting products that contribute to addiction, illness, and social harm.

When corporations that produce harmful products fund CSR programs, it may feel like an attempt to "wash" their image without making any fundamental changes to their business practices. It's akin to putting a band-aid on a wound that needs much more than a superficial fix. By supporting CSR programs, these companies divert attention from the negative consequences of their products, using them as a tool to soften public criticism. While their initiatives may be well-intentioned, they often do not contribute meaningfully to solving the problems that their products create in the first place.

True CSR should be about creating sustainable, positive change in society, not about using philanthropic gestures to obscure harmful practices. Companies that profit from smoking or alcohol may argue that they are supporting social causes, but it’s crucial to question whether their CSR efforts are addressing the real issues at hand or merely serving as a distraction from their damaging impact on public health and society. In such cases, the legitimacy of their CSR activities comes into question, as it becomes clear that no amount of charity can fully negate the harm caused by the products they sell.

• ·        School uniform should not be made compulsory as school cannot decide what to wear. Also, it restricts the individual thinking so at first place uniforms in school should be removed.

The idea that school uniforms should not be made compulsory stems from the belief that students should have the freedom to express their individuality and that schools should not dictate what students wear. While school uniforms have been a longstanding tradition in many educational institutions, there are several valid arguments against their imposition, particularly when it comes to personal freedom, self-expression, and the evolving needs of students in today's society.

1. Restriction of Individual Expression

One of the strongest arguments against compulsory school uniforms is that they restrict students' ability to express their individuality. Clothing is an important form of self-expression, particularly for young people who are developing their identities. When students are forced to wear uniforms, it eliminates an important avenue for them to express their personal style and preferences.

In a world where creativity, diversity, and individuality are highly valued, it is essential for schools to nurture these qualities rather than suppress them. Allowing students to choose their attire empowers them to make decisions and promotes a sense of personal identity. By removing uniforms, schools could provide a space where students are encouraged to showcase their personalities, fostering self-confidence and emotional well-being.

2. Schools Should Focus on Education, Not Fashion

While it's true that appearance is an important part of a student’s overall presentation, schools should primarily focus on educating students rather than enforcing dress codes that may have little to do with their academic development. The main objective of an educational institution is to provide quality learning, encourage critical thinking, and cultivate essential life skills. Introducing dress codes that restrict individuality may detract from these objectives, focusing unnecessary attention on what students are wearing instead of what they are learning.

Furthermore, when uniforms are made compulsory, students might waste time and energy trying to conform to uniform standards instead of focusing on their academic and personal growth. Schools should place more importance on the quality of education and the values they instill in students, rather than dictating personal aspects like clothing.

3. Unrealistic Expectations of Uniformity

School uniforms often promote the idea of uniformity—everyone should look the same. However, this concept does not reflect the reality of society, where diversity is celebrated and individuality is encouraged. Students come from different backgrounds, cultures, and family situations, and forcing them to wear the same clothing can create an artificial sense of sameness that does not align with the values of inclusion and diversity.

Encouraging diversity and individuality within a school environment helps students understand and appreciate differences in others. Rather than stifling personal choices through uniforms, schools should embrace diversity by allowing students to dress according to their personal preferences, as long as they meet basic standards of appropriateness and professionalism.

4. Financial Burden on Families

Compulsory school uniforms can be a financial burden for families, especially those who are already struggling to make ends meet. The cost of purchasing uniforms—especially if specific, branded items are required—can add up quickly. For some families, it may be more affordable to allow students to wear their own clothes, especially if students already have a wardrobe full of appropriate attire. Requiring uniforms creates additional financial pressure and may create disparities between students who can afford them and those who cannot.

Instead of mandating school uniforms, schools should focus on making education accessible and inclusive for all students, regardless of their family’s financial situation. Allowing students to wear their own clothes could level the playing field and ensure that all students feel comfortable and accepted in their school environment, without the stress of expensive uniform requirements.

5. Encouraging a More Comfortable Learning Environment

The comfort of students is another important consideration. School uniforms, while often designed to be neat and tidy, may not always be the most comfortable option for students. Allowing students to choose their clothing based on their personal preferences ensures they feel comfortable and at ease while in school. Comfort can significantly impact a student's ability to concentrate, learn, and engage in classroom activities. When students are not distracted by uncomfortable clothing, they are more likely to focus on their studies and perform better academically.

Additionally, allowing students to wear casual or weather-appropriate clothing makes it easier for them to adapt to different school activities, such as physical education, outdoor sports, or field trips. Uniforms may not always suit these activities, leading to unnecessary discomfort or restrictions on mobility.

6. Promoting Responsibility and Decision-Making

One key argument for removing compulsory school uniforms is that it encourages students to take responsibility for their own choices. When students are allowed to choose their clothing, they practice decision-making skills and learn how to balance personal preferences with the expectations of their school community. This sense of responsibility is an important life skill that students can carry with them into adulthood.

By allowing students to dress according to their preferences, schools are teaching them how to make choices within a framework of personal responsibility. This fosters a sense of autonomy and helps students develop a better understanding of what is appropriate for different occasions, which is a valuable skill for future professional and personal situations.

7. The Psychological Impact of Enforced Uniformity

Forcing students to conform to a standardized dress code can sometimes have negative psychological effects, especially on those who may feel uncomfortable or out of place in the uniform. Adolescents, in particular, are at a stage in life where they are highly sensitive to peer pressure and societal expectations. Wearing a uniform may make students feel like they have no control over their appearance, leading to feelings of frustration, dissatisfaction, or even resentment.

Allowing students to wear their own clothes can mitigate these psychological effects by giving them the freedom to feel comfortable in their own skin. When students are encouraged to make decisions about their clothing, it can help foster a sense of self-worth and confidence, rather than creating an environment where they feel forced to conform.

While the intention behind school uniforms is often to create equality, reduce distractions, and promote discipline, there are several compelling reasons why they should not be made compulsory. Forcing students to wear uniforms restricts their ability to express themselves, adds financial burden to families, and may distract from the core purpose of education. Furthermore, the psychological and developmental aspects of individual choice should not be overlooked.

Schools should focus on providing an environment that encourages learning, personal growth, and the development of well-rounded individuals. Allowing students to choose what they wear fosters responsibility, promotes self-expression, and respects their autonomy. Instead of mandating uniforms, schools can cultivate a more inclusive and positive atmosphere by embracing diversity and allowing students to dress according to their own preferences within reasonable guidelines.

Ultimately, school uniforms may serve a purpose in certain contexts, but when it comes to fostering individuality, creativity, and personal responsibility, removing them could be a step toward creating a more progressive and inclusive educational environment.

• ·        India's middle class is growing rapidly with 29% in 2015 to 44% in 2025 according to a McKinsey report. Discuss its implications on the economy and society.

The rapid growth of India's middle class—from 29% in 2015 to an anticipated 44% in 2025, according to a McKinsey report—has far-reaching implications for both the economy and society. As the middle class expands, it is expected to drive significant shifts in consumption patterns, social dynamics, and the overall structure of the Indian economy. Below are the key implications of this growth:

1. Implications for Economic Growth

Increased Domestic Consumption

The expansion of the middle class directly correlates with an increase in domestic consumption. As more people enter the middle class, they acquire higher purchasing power, which drives demand for a variety of goods and services. This is particularly important for the Indian economy, as it reduces the reliance on exports and stimulates domestic industries. With greater disposable income, the middle class is likely to spend more on consumer goods, housing, education, healthcare, and entertainment, among other things.

This increase in consumption will likely lead to the growth of sectors like retail, real estate, automotive, and hospitality. Additionally, demand for technological products like smartphones, household appliances, and electronic goods will rise, contributing to the expansion of India's manufacturing and technology industries.

Boost to Service Sector

As the middle class expands, there will be a significant increase in demand for services, including healthcare, education, financial services, and entertainment. This is because the middle class tends to prioritize these sectors as part of their lifestyle aspirations. The healthcare sector, for example, may see greater demand for both private healthcare and insurance as families seek quality services for health and wellness. Similarly, education and upskilling will become a higher priority for middle-class families, driving growth in both formal and informal education institutions.

The service sector, which already contributes significantly to India’s GDP, will benefit immensely from this demand surge. Industries like finance, retail banking, and online services will likely experience a boom as the middle class seeks financial products, savings options, and digital services to match their needs.

Job Creation and Entrepreneurship

With a larger middle class, India is likely to see an increase in job creation, particularly in consumer-facing industries like retail, hospitality, and services. Moreover, a growing middle class provides a conducive environment for entrepreneurship, as more individuals within this demographic are able to invest in starting businesses. The demand for diverse products and services opens opportunities for startups and small businesses, particularly in urban areas.

A strong middle class can also spur innovation, as more individuals and companies seek to cater to the evolving needs and preferences of consumers. This can create a positive cycle of job creation, entrepreneurship, and economic diversification.

Urbanization and Infrastructure Development

The growing middle class will likely lead to rapid urbanization as more people move to cities in search of better economic opportunities and a higher standard of living. This shift will put pressure on existing infrastructure but will also spur the development of new infrastructure projects such as transportation systems, housing, and energy. Urban areas will need to cater to the growing demands for housing, roads, water, and sanitation, and governments and private players will likely increase investment in these areas.

While this urbanization can lead to the growth of smart cities and modern infrastructure, it also poses challenges, such as congestion, environmental degradation, and inequalities in access to resources.

2. Implications for Society

Shift in Social Mobility

The rapid expansion of the middle class could significantly affect social mobility in India. With greater access to education, employment opportunities, and financial resources, people from diverse backgrounds may have better opportunities to move up the social ladder. This could help bridge existing income disparities and create a more inclusive society.

The middle class is also likely to demand greater access to resources like quality healthcare, education, and housing. As their expectations grow, they may push for better public services, better governance, and accountability from both the public and private sectors.

Changing Consumption Patterns and Lifestyles

As more people enter the middle class, there will be a significant shift in consumption patterns. The middle class tends to prioritize convenience, quality, and brand preferences, which will influence the kinds of products and services in demand. This demographic is more likely to spend on luxury goods, foreign travel, and experiences such as dining out, entertainment, and wellness services. The demand for consumer goods and services that cater to middle-class aspirations will shape the way businesses operate in India.

The middle class is also more likely to adopt modern lifestyles, including greater digital connectivity, health consciousness, and a focus on sustainability. The rise of e-commerce, online education, and digital entertainment is expected to intensify as the middle class embraces technology.

Growing Demand for Social Services

With increased disposable income, the middle class will demand higher-quality social services. These services will include healthcare, education, and public safety, and governments will need to respond to this demand with improved policies and infrastructure. Additionally, there will be greater expectations for the private sector to offer better customer service and quality in the services they provide.

This growing middle class could lead to a more educated and health-conscious society, which in turn can drive social progress. However, the government's role will be crucial in ensuring equitable access to these services, particularly in rural or economically disadvantaged regions.

Inequality and the Need for Inclusivity

While the growth of the middle class offers positive economic and social prospects, it can also exacerbate existing inequalities. The rural-urban divide, caste-based inequalities, and regional disparities may become more pronounced if the benefits of middle-class growth are not distributed evenly. It is essential for the government and private sectors to ensure that the benefits of this growth reach all segments of society, including those who may not yet have access to the opportunities enjoyed by the urban middle class.

The challenge for policymakers will be to balance economic growth with inclusive development. Failure to do so could lead to social tensions, protests, and discontent among marginalized groups who may feel left behind in the race for prosperity.

Cultural Shifts and Aspirations

The expanding middle class will also lead to changes in cultural and social values. As more people gain access to education and economic prosperity, their aspirations will evolve. There may be a greater focus on individualism, career advancement, and consumerism, reflecting global trends. This could impact family structures, traditions, and even political ideologies, as the middle class becomes more vocal in demanding better governance and social reforms.

However, the embrace of Western values, such as consumerism and individualism, might also clash with traditional Indian values, potentially creating a tension between modernization and cultural preservation. Societal norms and family structures could undergo transformations as a result, and there may be generational gaps in attitudes and lifestyles.

3. Environmental Impact

The growing middle class is likely to put additional pressure on India's environment. Increased consumption, particularly in sectors like automobiles, electronics, and food production, will lead to higher levels of waste, pollution, and resource depletion. The increased demand for energy, particularly in urban areas, will also put stress on India’s energy infrastructure and natural resources.

At the same time, the middle class is also more likely to advocate for sustainable practices, such as eco-friendly products, renewable energy, and environmental conservation. The challenge for India will be to balance the growth of the middle class with environmental sustainability, ensuring that economic development does not come at the expense of the planet.

The anticipated growth of India's middle class from 29% in 2015 to 44% in 2025 carries significant implications for both the economy and society. On one hand, it promises robust economic growth, increased consumption, job creation, and improved social mobility. On the other hand, it presents challenges, including the risk of deepening inequalities, environmental degradation, and cultural shifts.

To fully realize the potential of a growing middle class, India must focus on creating inclusive economic policies, investing in infrastructure, and ensuring equitable access to services for all its citizens. With the right strategies, the expansion of the middle class can serve as a powerful driver of progress, prosperity, and social transformation.

• ·        Mobile phones are invading our lives and reducing human interaction.

The increasing reliance on mobile phones in today's society has sparked a wide-ranging debate on the effects of this technology on human interaction. While mobile phones offer immense convenience and connect us to the world, they are also seen by many as having a significant impact on face-to-face communication and the quality of human relationships. In this discussion, we will explore both sides of the argument, emphasizing the ways in which mobile phones are invading our lives and potentially reducing human interaction.

The Invasion of Mobile Phones in Our Lives

1. Constant Connectivity and Distraction

Mobile phones have become an integral part of our daily routines. From the moment we wake up to when we go to bed, many of us are constantly connected to our phones. Social media, messaging apps, emails, and notifications bombard us with information throughout the day, often distracting us from the present moment and the people around us.

This constant connectivity can erode genuine human interaction. For instance, when sitting at a dinner table or attending a social gathering, many people are often distracted by their phones. Rather than engaging in meaningful conversations, they find themselves checking notifications, scrolling through social media, or responding to messages. This distraction diminishes the quality of face-to-face interactions, leading to a sense of disengagement and social isolation.

2. Replacing Face-to-Face Communication

While mobile phones offer a convenient means of communication, they have become a substitute for face-to-face interactions, which are critical for building deep and meaningful relationships. Texting, social media, and voice calls may allow for quick exchanges, but they often lack the emotional depth and non-verbal cues that are essential in building connections.

In a world where mobile phones have become the primary mode of communication, people may begin to favor the convenience of texting over the effort required to meet in person. This trend can lead to a weakening of personal relationships, as individuals may find it easier to communicate through digital channels rather than engaging in face-to-face conversations that require more effort and emotional investment.

3. Increased Social Isolation

As mobile phones have increasingly become a primary tool for communication, they may also be contributing to a rise in social isolation. While people are more "connected" than ever, there is a growing sense of loneliness, especially among younger generations. The ease of texting or posting on social media may create an illusion of connection, but it does not replace the emotional and psychological benefits of in-person interaction.

Young people, in particular, may find themselves communicating more through screens than engaging with others in real-world settings. This shift can lead to a lack of social skills and an inability to read social cues, which are essential for building strong, personal relationships. Over time, this isolation can contribute to feelings of alienation, depression, and anxiety.

4. Impact on Family Relationships

Mobile phones can also impact the dynamics of family relationships. Families who once spent time together engaging in activities, having conversations, or simply sharing meals are now often distracted by their devices. Parents and children may spend time in the same room but are absorbed in their phones, rather than talking or bonding.

In many households, screen time has replaced quality time, and this has affected the parent-child relationship. Parents may find it harder to connect with their children, and children may feel emotionally distant from their parents. This decline in communication can impact family harmony and weaken the emotional bonds that hold families together.

5. Fewer Opportunities for Spontaneous Interaction

One of the key features of mobile phone culture is the ability to plan and organize every aspect of our lives, from work meetings to social outings. While this may seem efficient, it can limit the spontaneity of interactions and social engagements. In the past, people would meet each other by chance, engage in spontaneous conversations, or strike up interactions in public spaces. Mobile phones, by contrast, allow us to control our social interactions and often reduce the chances of these unplanned encounters.

In a world where everything is arranged via text messages or online calendars, the casual, unanticipated interactions that once helped to foster relationships are increasingly rare. These kinds of interactions are valuable for developing social skills, making new friends, and cultivating diverse relationships. Their reduction may lead to a more isolated and transactional way of relating to others.

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The Argument for Mobile Phones and Their Role in Human Interaction

While it is undeniable that mobile phones can sometimes diminish the quality of face-to-face communication, it is also important to recognize the positive aspects they bring to human interaction.

1. Enabling Long-Distance Communication

One of the most profound benefits of mobile phones is their ability to facilitate communication across vast distances. With mobile phones, families, friends, and colleagues can stay connected regardless of geographic boundaries. This is especially important in a globalized world, where people frequently live far from their families or travel for work.

In situations where face-to-face communication is impossible, mobile phones provide an invaluable tool for maintaining relationships. For people living in remote areas or those who have moved away from their hometowns, mobile phones offer a means to stay in touch with loved ones and share important life events, fostering a sense of connection.

2. Social Media and Networking Opportunities

Mobile phones have revolutionized social media and networking platforms, offering users the opportunity to maintain relationships and stay informed about others' lives. Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, and Twitter enable people to connect, share moments, and communicate with friends, acquaintances, and even strangers.

While some may argue that online communication lacks the depth of in-person interaction, social media allows individuals to maintain relationships with people they might otherwise lose touch with. It also creates opportunities to connect with like-minded individuals or communities that share similar interests, hobbies, or professional goals.

3. Facilitating New Forms of Connection

In addition to maintaining existing relationships, mobile phones enable the formation of new ones. Dating apps, professional networking platforms like LinkedIn, and group chats provide new ways for individuals to connect with others. These tools allow people to meet and interact with people they might never have encountered in person, broadening their social circles and opportunities for professional or personal growth.

Moreover, mobile phones have proven essential for activism, social change, and building communities around causes. They allow individuals to join movements, support campaigns, and share messages of solidarity with others in real time. In this sense, mobile phones have become powerful tools for social interaction, collaboration, and engagement on a larger scale.

4. Enhancing Communication for People with Disabilities

Mobile phones have also played an important role in enhancing communication for people with disabilities. For individuals with hearing impairments, mobile phones with text messaging and video calls provide essential channels for communication. Likewise, visually impaired individuals can use mobile phones with screen readers and voice commands to interact with others and access information.

In this way, mobile phones can improve social inclusion and accessibility, allowing people with disabilities to engage more fully in society and maintain meaningful connections with others.

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Balancing Connection and Disconnection

Mobile phones have undoubtedly transformed the way we communicate and interact with one another, offering convenience, accessibility, and new opportunities for connection. However, the increased reliance on mobile phones has also led to a decline in face-to-face communication, social isolation, and a reduction in the quality of human relationships.

The challenge lies in striking a balance between using mobile phones as a tool for connection while still prioritizing meaningful, in-person interactions. It is important to recognize when technology enhances communication and when it detracts from it. As society continues to adapt to the digital age, finding ways to use mobile phones responsibly and thoughtfully will be key to maintaining strong, authentic relationships and ensuring that human interaction remains at the heart of our social lives.

• ·        Ragging breaks barriers between juniors and seniors. Ragging also makes colleges culturally unique. Therefore ordinance banning ragging is bad and should be reversed to preserve identity of the college.

The issue of ragging in educational institutions, particularly in colleges and universities, has been a subject of intense debate for many years. While some argue that ragging can break barriers between juniors and seniors, and even contribute to the cultural identity of a college, the practice has overwhelmingly been condemned due to its harmful effects on students. In fact, many institutions and governments around the world have enacted ordinances and laws banning ragging due to its association with bullying, abuse, and mental trauma.

The argument in favor of ragging, as put forward by some proponents, suggests that it can serve to break down barriers between juniors and seniors, and that it may contribute to the unique culture of a college. However, this view overlooks the serious consequences of ragging and the negative impact it can have on students' physical and mental well-being. Below is a detailed discussion of both sides of the argument and why the ordinance banning ragging should not be reversed.

1. Breaking Barriers Between Juniors and Seniors: A Myth

One of the most common justifications for ragging is that it can help break down barriers between juniors and seniors, fostering a sense of camaraderie and bonding. Supporters argue that ragging is a rite of passage in many colleges, where juniors undergo a series of pranks or tasks to prove their worth and bond with their seniors. In their view, this helps integrate new students into the campus culture and encourages a sense of belonging.

However, this argument is problematic for several reasons. First, the idea that ragging helps in creating bonding is based on a flawed understanding of healthy social interaction. Genuine bonding and the establishment of trust between juniors and seniors should be rooted in respect, mentorship, and guidance, not in humiliation or fear. The dynamics of power in ragging often lead to coercion, intimidation, and abuse, which can result in significant emotional trauma for the juniors involved.

True bonding happens through meaningful conversations, shared experiences, and positive interactions. Ragging, on the other hand, often fosters a culture of fear, aggression, and emotional distress rather than respect and friendship. It reinforces a hierarchy that can harm relationships, turning what could be a supportive environment into one of tension and inequality.

2. The Psychological and Physical Impact of Ragging

While some may argue that ragging builds resilience and character in students, it is essential to recognize that the psychological and physical effects of ragging can be devastating. Many victims of ragging suffer from long-term trauma, depression, anxiety, and even suicidal thoughts. The emotional toll can have severe consequences for the mental health of young students, especially those who are away from home and are already dealing with the stress of adapting to a new environment.

Ragging has led to numerous tragic incidents in India and across the world, including cases of students being hospitalized, suffering severe injuries, or even losing their lives as a result of extreme ragging practices. These acts are not isolated occurrences but reflect the systemic problem of abuse and bullying in educational institutions. In addition to the emotional toll, ragging can also have detrimental effects on academic performance, as students who are subjected to ragging may experience a decline in self-esteem, which ultimately hampers their focus and productivity.

The harms caused by ragging are far too severe to be justified by the argument that it "breaks barriers" or contributes to the college’s culture. A healthy, supportive environment for students can and should be created through other means, such as orientation programs, mentoring systems, and inclusive social activities, rather than through harmful and degrading practices.

3. Cultural Identity of a College: A Questionable Justification

Supporters of ragging often claim that the practice forms an integral part of a college’s unique cultural identity. They argue that ragging traditions are deeply embedded in certain colleges and that eliminating them would erode the college’s distinct character. However, this perspective fails to consider that cultural identity should be built on values such as respect, inclusivity, diversity, and mutual understanding, rather than on practices that promote aggression, power imbalance, and humiliation.

Colleges and universities can maintain their unique traditions while promoting a culture of respect and positive interaction among students. Cultural identity should be shaped by values that uplift students and contribute to their growth—both academically and personally—not by practices that dehumanize and exploit them. It is possible for institutions to create a strong sense of community and belonging without resorting to harmful practices like ragging. There are countless examples of universities and colleges around the world that have built rich, diverse, and inclusive campus cultures without relying on ragging.

Moreover, colleges and universities should be places that foster personal development, creativity, and intellectual growth, not institutions where students are subjected to fear and harassment. Maintaining cultural identity does not require perpetuating outdated and damaging practices. Instead, it is important for educational institutions to adapt and evolve, embracing new, healthier ways of building community and promoting the values that define them.

4. Legal and Ethical Responsibility

The ordinance banning ragging has been introduced in response to the widespread abuse and harm caused by the practice. This legislation reflects a commitment to protecting the rights and well-being of students. It is a legal and ethical responsibility for educational institutions to ensure that students are safe from any form of physical or emotional harm.

While some may argue that the ordinance restricts the "freedom" of senior students to engage in ragging, it is crucial to recognize that no tradition, no matter how long-standing, should be allowed to justify abusive behavior. The safety and mental health of students should always take precedence over the preservation of harmful practices. In fact, the legal prohibition of ragging serves to promote an environment where respect, empathy, and equality are the cornerstones of student interactions.

Educational institutions have an obligation to uphold human dignity and promote a positive, supportive atmosphere. If ragging is allowed to continue, it undermines the core values of higher education and exposes students to the dangers of bullying, trauma, and abuse. Reversing the ordinance banning ragging would send the wrong message—that abusive behavior is tolerable if it is seen as part of tradition. This could set a dangerous precedent, where the safety and well-being of students are compromised for the sake of preserving a toxic culture.

5. Alternative Ways to Foster Healthy Relationships

Rather than relying on ragging to foster bonds between juniors and seniors, educational institutions can adopt more effective and positive methods of integration. Orientation programs, mentorship initiatives, peer-support networks, and team-building activities are all excellent alternatives that promote healthy relationships without compromising students’ well-being.

Senior students can be encouraged to act as mentors, guiding juniors through the challenges of college life and offering advice on academics, personal growth, and social integration. By creating a supportive and nurturing environment, colleges can help students form lasting friendships and build meaningful connections based on mutual respect.

Additionally, fostering a campus culture that values diversity, inclusion, and collaboration will ensure that students from different backgrounds and experiences feel welcome and accepted. This can be achieved through workshops, student clubs, cultural events, and open dialogues that emphasize respect, tolerance, and empathy.

The Need for Change

The argument in favor of ragging as a means of breaking barriers and maintaining college identity fails to acknowledge the severe harm it inflicts on students. While ragging may have been viewed as a tradition in certain institutions, it is a tradition that perpetuates abuse, humiliation, and trauma. The ordinance banning ragging is a necessary step toward creating a safer, healthier, and more inclusive environment in educational institutions.

Rather than reverting to harmful practices, colleges should embrace alternatives that promote positive interactions, respect, and community building. The true cultural identity of a college should be rooted in values of empathy, cooperation, and mutual support, rather than in degrading practices that have no place in modern education. Therefore, the ordinance banning ragging should remain in place to protect students, foster healthy relationships, and preserve the dignity of all individuals on campus.

• ·        Technology impacts how children think and feel. They tend to think superficially and lose creativity. The ones who spend too much time online tend to lose focus. So they should be kept away from technology till they are 12 years old. We had to take stand for or against it and explain.

Against the Argument: Technology Should Not Be Kept Away from Children Till They Are 12 Years Old

The proposition that children should be kept away from technology until they are 12 years old, with the belief that it impacts their thinking, creativity, and focus, is an oversimplification of the issue. While it is true that excessive screen time and unmoderated access to technology can have negative effects, outright banning technology for children until they reach a certain age would not be the right solution. Instead, it is crucial to focus on how technology is used, rather than restricting it entirely. Below are the reasons why we should not support the argument to keep children away from technology until the age of 12.

1. Technology Enhances Learning and Cognitive Development

One of the most significant benefits of technology is its ability to enhance learning and cognitive development. The internet is a vast repository of knowledge, and when children are exposed to it in a structured and guided way, it can aid their intellectual growth. Interactive educational apps, online resources, and e-books provide children with an enriched learning experience, helping them understand complex concepts in a fun and engaging way.

For example, platforms like Khan Academy, Coursera, or even YouTube educational videos have become essential tools in classrooms and homes to reinforce traditional learning methods. These resources offer children a variety of learning styles, including visual, auditory, and hands-on learning, which helps them absorb information better than traditional methods might allow. If children are restricted from using such resources until they are 12, they may miss out on valuable educational opportunities that can help them develop a wide range of skills, from critical thinking to problem-solving and creative exploration.

2. Technology Fosters Creativity and Innovation

The idea that technology stifles creativity is a common misconception. In fact, when used appropriately, technology can significantly enhance creativity. Children today are exposed to a wide array of digital tools that allow them to create, experiment, and innovate. For example, programs like Tinkercad or Minecraft can help children explore basic engineering and design concepts, while digital art programs and animation software can ignite their artistic talents.

By allowing children to explore technology at a young age, we are providing them with the tools and platforms that enable them to express their creativity in ways that were not possible in the past. The combination of technology and creativity encourages them to think outside the box and push the boundaries of traditional learning. These skills are not just important for artistic endeavors, but are also essential in many fields, such as science, engineering, and technology itself. The world is becoming increasingly digital, and children who are exposed to technology early on are better prepared to navigate this new, tech-driven landscape.

3. Building Digital Literacy is Crucial for the Future

In the modern world, digital literacy is as important as traditional literacy. Technology is an essential part of almost every aspect of life, from education to communication, work, and entertainment. The earlier children learn how to use technology responsibly, the better equipped they will be for their future. By restricting technology access until the age of 12, we risk leaving children ill-prepared for a world where digital fluency is a necessity.

Teaching children to use technology in a controlled, age-appropriate manner helps them understand its benefits, limitations, and potential dangers. It’s not just about using smartphones or computers; it's about learning to use technology for good—whether that's for educational purposes, building projects, or developing a balanced approach to online and offline life. The ability to research, solve problems, and collaborate digitally are vital skills that children need to develop at an early age.

4. Helps Develop Focus and Discipline

The argument that spending time online leads to a loss of focus is valid when technology is misused, but it overlooks the fact that technology can also help children develop discipline and focus. Many educational apps and games are designed to engage children in problem-solving and critical thinking, which requires sustained attention. Moreover, technology-based learning programs can track a child’s progress and give immediate feedback, motivating them to stay focused on tasks.

Instead of removing technology, parents and educators can teach children how to use it responsibly and effectively. Setting screen time limits, promoting balance between digital and physical activities, and encouraging breaks can all help mitigate the risks associated with overuse. Technology, when integrated properly into a child’s routine, can enhance their ability to focus and improve their attention span. A child who learns to manage their use of technology is far better equipped for the digital world than one who is completely cut off from it until later in life.

5. Technology Facilitates Social Interaction and Collaboration

While the argument suggests that children spend too much time online and become socially isolated, the reality is that technology can foster social interaction, collaboration, and connection. Online multiplayer games, video calls, and social media platforms allow children to stay connected with peers, collaborate on group projects, and communicate in ways that were previously impossible.

In addition, many online platforms encourage teamwork, negotiation, and the development of social skills. For instance, games like Roblox or educational platforms like Edmodo enable children to work together toward common goals, while developing important interpersonal skills. These forms of social interaction are especially important in today’s globalized world, where children from different cultural backgrounds can collaborate and learn from each other through technology.

6. Controlled Exposure is Key

Rather than imposing a blanket ban on technology until the age of 12, the solution lies in ensuring controlled, mindful, and purposeful exposure. Parents and educators can play an active role in curating the content children are exposed to and setting boundaries around screen time. By guiding children through the responsible use of technology, we can help them avoid the pitfalls of overuse, superficial thinking, and loss of focus, while still reaping the educational and developmental benefits that technology offers.

For example, children can be encouraged to spend a certain amount of time each day engaged in educational activities on technology, balanced with outdoor play, reading, and other non-digital activities. This balanced approach ensures that technology remains a tool for learning and creativity, rather than a distraction or a hindrance to healthy development.

Technology in Moderation is Beneficial for Children

Rather than isolating children from technology until they turn 12, the emphasis should be placed on how technology is used and how we can harness its potential in a responsible manner. Technology is an essential part of the modern world, and children should be exposed to it in a controlled, educational way that encourages learning, creativity, social interaction, and personal development. Restricting access to technology could limit children’s growth in a world that is increasingly shaped by digital tools and platforms.

Ultimately, the key lies in moderation and balance. When used appropriately, technology can be a powerful asset in a child’s education and overall development. Therefore, we should not be quick to impose an age restriction on technology use but instead focus on teaching children how to use it in a way that benefits their well-being and helps them succeed in a rapidly changing world.

• ·        Political parties are increasingly using social media platforms to target and influence specific set of people. The argument was that it created a level playing field for everyone, and that it is overall good for humanity. We had to identify the claims made by the author, the line of reasoning, and also analyze if the argument was strong/weak and provide reasons for the same.

Claims Made by the Author

The author’s argument revolves around the idea that political parties are increasingly using social media platforms to target and influence specific groups of people, and that this trend creates a "level playing field" for everyone. The claim is that social media platforms provide an opportunity for all political parties, regardless of their size or resources, to reach a wide audience and thus democratize the political discourse. The author further suggests that this practice is "good for humanity," likely because it enhances political engagement and encourages diverse voices to be heard.

Line of Reasoning

1. Access to Platforms for All Political Parties: The author suggests that social media gives all political parties, including smaller or emerging ones, an equal opportunity to access large audiences without requiring significant financial resources. In traditional media, larger parties with more funding could dominate the airwaves, while smaller ones struggled to get their message across. Social media, in contrast, allows for greater democratization of information and political speech, regardless of a party's financial clout.

2. Targeting Specific Audiences: The author mentions that social media platforms allow political parties to target specific sets of people with tailored messages, which is an advantage over traditional media. By using data analytics and algorithms, political parties can ensure that their messages reach individuals who are more likely to be receptive to them. This is portrayed as an effective tool for political campaigns.

3. Positive Impact on Humanity: The author argues that the increased use of social media by political parties is "good for humanity." This is likely based on the idea that social media fosters political participation, promotes discussion, and allows for a more inclusive political environment. It may also reflect a belief that social media platforms empower individuals by providing them with access to diverse perspectives and voices that were previously marginalized in traditional media.

Analysis of the Argument: Strengths and Weaknesses

Strengths of the Argument:

1. Level Playing Field: One of the strongest points in the author's argument is that social media does indeed level the playing field in many ways. It offers smaller parties and independent candidates a platform to present their ideas and campaigns, circumventing the traditional media gatekeepers (such as TV networks, print media, etc.) that often favor larger parties with more resources. For example, during elections, social media platforms allow smaller parties to run targeted ads or share content that reaches a large audience without the need for massive financial investments. This creates an opportunity for political diversity.

2. Political Engagement and Participation: Another strength is the idea that social media can encourage greater political engagement and participation. Platforms like Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube enable users to engage directly with political content, comment on policies, share their opinions, and join political discussions. This kind of engagement allows individuals to feel more involved in the democratic process and gives them a platform to express their political views, increasing overall political awareness.

3. Amplifying Marginalized Voices: Social media can provide marginalized or underrepresented groups with the opportunity to voice their opinions, organize campaigns, and advocate for causes that might not receive attention in mainstream media. This can have a democratizing effect, allowing for a more inclusive political landscape.

Weaknesses of the Argument:

1. Echo Chambers and Filter Bubbles: While social media can theoretically level the playing field, it also has the potential to create echo chambers and filter bubbles, where people are only exposed to information that confirms their existing beliefs. Algorithms on platforms like Facebook and Twitter prioritize content that is likely to generate engagement (i.e., likes, shares, comments), which often leads to the amplification of polarizing, sensational, or extreme viewpoints. In such an environment, political discourse becomes less about healthy debate and more about reinforcing existing divisions. This can harm the democratic process by encouraging people to stay within their ideological bubbles, hindering dialogue across political lines.

2. Manipulation and Misinformation: The use of targeted messages also raises concerns about the manipulation of voters and the spread of misinformation. Political parties, campaigns, and even foreign actors can use social media to spread false or misleading information, influence public opinion, and manipulate elections. Examples such as the use of disinformation during the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election highlight the dangers of political manipulation on social media. These platforms can be used to distort reality, undermine trust in democratic institutions, and create confusion, which ultimately weakens the political system.

3. Unequal Access to Resources: While social media platforms provide an opportunity for all political parties, not every party or individual has the same ability to utilize these platforms effectively. Large parties often have more sophisticated data analytics, better social media strategies, and more funding to target and influence voters. Smaller parties or grassroots movements might not have the resources to compete on the same level, leading to an uneven playing field. The fact that social media is not entirely free to use (due to costs associated with ads, content creation, etc.) means that political parties with fewer financial resources may still find it challenging to make a substantial impact.

4. Privacy and Ethical Concerns: Another concern with the use of social media for political campaigning is the privacy of users. Social media platforms gather vast amounts of data about individuals, which can be used to target them with highly personalized political ads. While this is effective for political parties, it raises significant ethical concerns about how much personal information is being used without proper consent. There is also the issue of transparency, as people may not fully understand how their data is being collected and used for political purposes. This lack of transparency could undermine trust in the political process and lead to voter disillusionment.

Conclusion: Is the Argument Strong or Weak?

The argument that the use of social media by political parties creates a level playing field and is good for humanity has both strengths and weaknesses.

• Strengths: The argument is strong in its recognition that social media platforms allow for political democratization and increased engagement. These platforms can give a voice to smaller parties, marginalized groups, and individuals, fostering a more inclusive political environment. Social media also helps to facilitate political participation, which is a key aspect of a thriving democracy.

• Weaknesses: However, the argument is weak in overlooking the potential dangers of social media, such as the creation of echo chambers, misinformation, and manipulation. It also downplays the unequal access to resources that may still favor larger parties or well-funded campaigns. Additionally, privacy and ethical concerns surrounding data collection and targeted political ads cannot be ignored. These drawbacks can undermine the very democratic ideals that the author claims social media promotes.

Final Evaluation

Overall, while the author's claim that social media platforms provide a level playing field and benefit humanity holds some truth, it is overly optimistic and does not fully account for the negative aspects of this development. The negative impacts, such as misinformation, manipulation, and unequal access to resources, significantly weaken the overall argument. Therefore, the argument is only partially strong and requires a more nuanced analysis of the complexities involved in the intersection of politics and social media.

• ·        Money is very important in present world and it can buy you happiness. It does not matter how that money is earned because irrespective of the source of its generation, you can use it in myriad of ways to fulfill your needs and wishes. People who deny this fact do so to hide their inability to earn more. Money can give your children education in prestigious colleges and can help you enjoy exotic vacations. If you earn good money, you can even retire early from your job and enjoy a good life ahead.

The argument presented focuses on the importance of money in the modern world and suggests that it can indeed buy happiness, as it enables people to fulfill their desires, secure education for their children, and enjoy a comfortable lifestyle. The author also claims that the source of the money does not matter because its utility is what counts. People who deny this, according to the author, do so out of insecurity or inability to earn more. We can break down the claims and analyze the argument in detail.

Claims Made by the Author:

1. Money as a Path to Happiness: The author claims that money can buy happiness because it allows individuals to fulfill their needs and wishes. Money gives access to education, luxury experiences, and even early retirement, which are all factors that contribute to an improved quality of life.

2. Money's Source is Irrelevant: The argument also suggests that it does not matter how money is earned, as long as it serves to meet personal goals and desires. Whether earned through hard work, investments, or even unethical means, the author implies that money is valuable solely for its purchasing power.

3. Money Enables Access to Prestigious Opportunities: The author emphasizes that money can provide opportunities that would otherwise be inaccessible, such as sending children to prestigious colleges or going on luxurious vacations. Money, according to this viewpoint, is a gateway to opportunities that enhance life experiences.

4. Financial Freedom and Early Retirement: The argument asserts that with sufficient wealth, one can retire early and enjoy a carefree, leisurely lifestyle. Financial independence provides people with the freedom to live life on their own terms without being bound by the constraints of a job.

5. Those Who Deny the Importance of Money Are Lacking It: The author suggests that people who deny the significance of money do so because they cannot earn enough to afford such luxuries. Essentially, they are denying the connection between money and happiness because they feel insecure or are unable to achieve financial success.

Line of Reasoning:

The author’s reasoning follows a straightforward logic: money is a critical tool for obtaining comfort, fulfillment, and security in life. With enough financial resources, people can buy happiness by achieving their desires—whether that be through material possessions, luxury experiences, or access to better opportunities. The source of money is irrelevant because its utility in fulfilling personal goals is paramount. In this view, money is equated with happiness, and those who reject this idea are assumed to do so due to their own limitations in acquiring wealth.

Analysis:

Strengths of the Argument:

1. Money as a Tool for Fulfilling Basic Needs: The argument holds merit when it comes to the role of money in meeting basic and essential needs. Money is undeniably a powerful tool in accessing food, shelter, healthcare, education, and other necessities. For those who live in poverty or face economic hardship, having money does indeed significantly improve their quality of life and can be directly correlated with happiness.

2. Increased Opportunities with Wealth: Money undoubtedly opens doors to opportunities that can make life easier and more enjoyable. Access to higher education, travel, better living conditions, and leisure activities are all made possible by financial resources. For those who are financially well-off, these advantages can enhance their personal fulfillment and happiness.

3. Financial Freedom and Security: The idea that financial freedom allows individuals to retire early and live life on their own terms is a valid point. Achieving financial independence can provide people with peace of mind, reduce stress, and create more opportunities to focus on personal goals, hobbies, and relationships rather than being trapped in a job to meet basic needs.

Weaknesses of the Argument:

1. Money Doesn't Guarantee Happiness: While money can provide comfort and opportunities, it does not inherently guarantee happiness. Research in psychology and behavioral economics suggests that after reaching a certain level of income necessary to meet basic needs and secure financial stability, the correlation between wealth and happiness diminishes significantly. Studies have shown that material possessions or wealth do not consistently contribute to long-term well-being. People may experience temporary happiness from purchasing things or going on vacations, but it often does not lead to lasting fulfillment.

   Happiness, according to various psychological theories, is more strongly tied to factors such as relationships, personal growth, a sense of purpose, and emotional well-being rather than the accumulation of wealth. The pursuit of material success can sometimes lead to stress, anxiety, and dissatisfaction, especially if it is achieved at the cost of meaningful life experiences or relationships.

2. The Source of Money Matters: The author's claim that the source of money is irrelevant is a problematic and oversimplified viewpoint. The way in which money is earned can have significant ethical, legal, and social implications. Money obtained through unethical means—such as fraud, corruption, exploitation, or criminal activity—can create problems for both individuals and society. Furthermore, the moral and ethical dimensions of how wealth is generated should not be disregarded. Earning money in a way that harms others or undermines social trust can lead to negative consequences, both for the individual and for society at large.

   The idea that the end justifies the means—if the result is wealth—can promote harmful behaviors and perpetuate inequality, exploitation, and corruption. Ethical considerations play a crucial role in determining whether money can truly contribute to a person's happiness in a sustainable and meaningful way.

3. Overemphasis on Materialism: The author places a heavy emphasis on material wealth as the key to happiness, which overlooks the importance of non-material factors such as love, friendship, personal growth, health, and purpose. Focusing on financial success and consumerism can foster a materialistic mindset, leading people to value possessions and wealth over more fulfilling and enriching aspects of life. Materialism has been shown to negatively affect well-being, as people become more focused on accumulating things rather than cultivating meaningful experiences or relationships.

4. Risk of Social and Psychological Consequences: A narrow focus on accumulating wealth can have detrimental effects on individuals’ mental health, especially when it is associated with social status or competition. The pressure to earn more, constantly compare oneself to others, and the stress of pursuing money at the expense of relationships or personal well-being can lead to burnout, anxiety, and dissatisfaction. The author’s assertion that people who reject the idea that money buys happiness do so because of their inability to earn more ignores the psychological toll that an obsession with wealth can take on individuals.

5. False Dichotomy: The argument suggests a binary where either money leads to happiness or those who deny its power do so out of personal inadequacy. This oversimplification ignores the complexity of human desires and experiences. People may reject the idea that money equals happiness for various reasons, such as philosophical beliefs, personal experiences, or a recognition of the limitations of material wealth in achieving lasting contentment. The dismissal of such perspectives as mere insecurity does not adequately address the nuanced ways in which different people experience fulfillment.

The argument presented by the author is compelling in its recognition of the practical benefits that money can provide in modern society, such as opportunities for education, leisure, and financial freedom. However, it weakens when it oversimplifies the relationship between money and happiness, neglecting the role of non-material factors in overall well-being. Money is undoubtedly an important tool for achieving comfort and security, but it does not guarantee happiness or fulfillment. The source of money also matters, as unethical or harmful means of earning wealth can have negative consequences for individuals and society. Moreover, the overemphasis on materialism and wealth accumulation can lead to stress, dissatisfaction, and a lack of deeper meaning in life.

Ultimately, while money can improve quality of life, true happiness comes from a balance of financial security, meaningful relationships, personal growth, and a sense of purpose. Therefore, the argument that money can buy happiness, irrespective of how it is earned, presents a one-dimensional view of a much more complex issue.

• ·        The "#MeToo" campaign has been quite an exaggerated one. It is ruining the foundations of our society and worsening the current situation regarding trust on men. These allegations on men, who were respected in the society otherwise, could be disregarded until these numbers become sensational.

The claim presented suggests that the "#MeToo" movement has been exaggerated and that it is causing harm to societal foundations, particularly by undermining trust in men. The argument further posits that allegations made against men who were otherwise respected members of society should be dismissed until they gain widespread attention, implying that the allegations may not be credible. This viewpoint, however, presents several weaknesses and fails to adequately address the complexities surrounding the #MeToo movement. Below is an analysis of the claims, reasoning, and a detailed evaluation of the argument’s strength and weaknesses.

Claims Made by the Author:

1. Exaggeration of the #MeToo Movement: The author claims that the #MeToo campaign has been exaggerated, implying that the accusations of sexual harassment or assault being made under this movement are overblown and not entirely justified.

2. Harm to Society’s Foundations: The argument suggests that the movement is ruining the "foundations of society," possibly referring to the erosion of social structures based on respect and trust, particularly concerning men. The claim implies that men are now unfairly viewed with suspicion due to these allegations, leading to a broader societal problem.

3. Worsening Trust in Men: The author argues that the #MeToo movement is damaging the public’s trust in men. It suggests that the movement is framing men, particularly those who were once respected figures in society, as potential offenders, which diminishes their credibility and tarnishes their reputations.

4. Dismissal of Allegations: According to the author, allegations against men should be dismissed unless they gain widespread attention or become sensational. This line of reasoning implies that allegations are only valid when they are part of a larger, publicized pattern or when they are corroborated by others, which undermines the validity of individual claims.

Line of Reasoning:

The author’s reasoning is based on a few assumptions:

• That the #MeToo movement has been exaggerated or blown out of proportion, resulting in negative consequences for men.
• That the movement is undermining trust in men by painting all men as potential perpetrators of sexual harassment or assault.
• That the credibility of allegations should only be considered when they become part of a larger, media-driven narrative, rather than being evaluated on their own merits.

The author seems to be advocating for a position that questions the validity of many #MeToo allegations, particularly those made by individual women without substantial media backing or sensational attention.

Analysis of the Argument:

Strengths of the Argument:

1. Concerns about Due Process and False Accusations: The author raises a valid concern about the potential for false accusations. It is essential to approach all allegations, including those related to sexual harassment and assault, with fairness and due process. The possibility of false claims cannot be disregarded, and ensuring a fair legal process for both accusers and the accused is crucial for maintaining justice in society.

2. Impact on Reputation and Trust: The concern about the impact of allegations on individuals' reputations and the erosion of trust is another point that warrants attention. Unsubstantiated or false accusations can have severe consequences on a person's personal and professional life, leading to loss of reputation, career setbacks, or even mental health struggles. This aspect raises important questions about how allegations should be handled within society, ensuring that both the accuser’s and the accused’s rights are respected.

Weaknesses of the Argument:

1. Misunderstanding the Purpose of #MeToo: The #MeToo movement is not about undermining the reputation of men in general, but rather about creating a platform for survivors of sexual harassment and assault to share their experiences and raise awareness about the prevalence of such behaviors in society. The movement is rooted in the understanding that many women have been silenced, ignored, or dismissed when they speak up about abuse or harassment, and it seeks to empower them to be heard.

   The argument that the #MeToo campaign is an "exaggeration" overlooks the fact that sexual harassment and assault are systemic issues that have been pervasive for centuries. The movement is not targeting men as a group, but rather addressing specific behaviors and actions that need to be held accountable. The suggestion that the movement is ruining the foundations of society ignores the potential for positive societal change, where both men and women can be held accountable for their actions in a fair and just manner.

2. Undermining the Validity of Individual Allegations: The claim that allegations should be dismissed unless they become sensational or widespread is problematic. It undermines the validity of individual claims, which can be crucial in creating an understanding of the broader issue of sexual harassment and assault. It also diminishes the courage it takes for individuals to come forward with their stories, especially if they are speaking out for the first time or do not have the backing of a widespread movement. Many people who come forward with accusations of abuse do so in the face of immense personal and professional risks, and it is crucial that their voices be heard and treated with respect.

   The notion that allegations are only credible if they become sensational or widely reported can discourage other victims from coming forward, creating an environment where survivors feel isolated or unsupported. This perspective also fails to recognize that not all instances of harassment are publicized or gain mass attention—this does not diminish their importance or truthfulness.

3. Broad Generalizations About Men: The assertion that the #MeToo movement is worsening trust in men is a broad generalization that does not account for the fact that the majority of men are not perpetrators of harassment or assault. The movement does not aim to demonize all men, but rather to call out harmful behaviors and create a culture of accountability. Trust in men is not inherently being eroded, but trust in individuals who engage in abusive or predatory behaviors is being rightfully challenged.

   Moreover, it is important to recognize that men, as allies in the movement, have a critical role to play in fostering a culture of respect, consent, and mutual understanding. The idea that the movement is solely focused on blaming men ignores the significant role that men can play in combating harassment and supporting survivors.

4. Dismissal of the Scale of the Problem: The suggestion that allegations should be disregarded unless they become sensational fails to recognize the scale of sexual harassment and assault in society. For years, these issues have been silenced, dismissed, or ignored, and the #MeToo movement aims to shine a light on the pervasive nature of these problems. Many survivors have had their stories disregarded for years, and the current societal shift toward taking these allegations seriously is a step toward addressing a long-standing issue. Rather than dismissing allegations, society should be working to ensure that all accusations are taken seriously and handled with due process, while also providing support to those who come forward.

The argument that the #MeToo movement has been exaggerated and is harming societal foundations presents several flaws in its reasoning. While the concerns about due process and the potential for false accusations are valid, the broader view presented in the argument overlooks the critical purpose of the #MeToo movement: empowering survivors to speak out, raising awareness about systemic abuse, and calling for accountability. Dismissing individual allegations or reducing the movement to a sensationalized narrative diminishes the importance of these issues and undermines the need for cultural and societal change.

The #MeToo movement is not about tarnishing the reputation of all men but about addressing specific behaviors that contribute to a culture of harassment and abuse. The suggestion that trust in men is being eroded overlooks the fact that the movement calls for change in how society treats harassment, not an indictment of men as a group. Instead of dismissing allegations, it is more constructive to foster an environment where accusations are treated with respect, due process is upheld, and everyone—regardless of gender—can contribute to a safer and more just society.

• ·        The Kannada Development Authority recently protested against the conducting of a Staff Selection Commission recruitment exam in Karnataka and Kerala to fill the posts of clerks, assistants and data entry operators as the exam was conducted only in English and Hindi. The KDA felt that it would put the local aspirants at a disadvantage as they wouldn't be able to attempt it in their mother tongue. SSC countered by saying that the jobs being central government based, would be subject to transfer to other states, where they would be at a disadvantage. The conducting of a language test before moving to other states is not feasible. Hence candidates should know Hindi to attempt the test.

Analysis of the Debate Over the Language of SSC Recruitment Exam

The controversy surrounding the Kannada Development Authority (KDA) protest against the Staff Selection Commission (SSC) recruitment exam being conducted only in English and Hindi highlights a crucial issue about language accessibility and fairness in recruitment processes. The KDA’s objection centers on the concern that local aspirants in Karnataka and Kerala will be disadvantaged by the requirement to take the exam in languages that may not be their first languages, whereas SSC defends its decision by emphasizing the need for candidates to be proficient in Hindi due to the potential for transfers across states in central government jobs. Let's break down the claims, reasoning, and implications of both perspectives.

Claims Made by the Kannada Development Authority (KDA):

1. Language Barriers for Local Aspirants: The KDA argues that conducting the exam in only English and Hindi disadvantages local candidates in Karnataka and Kerala. For many aspirants, Kannada and Malayalam are their first languages, and they may find it difficult to attempt the exam in languages they are not proficient in. The protest points out that the recruitment process should be inclusive and should consider the linguistic diversity of India to ensure that candidates from all regions have an equal opportunity.

2. Discrimination Against Non-Hindi Speakers: The KDA perceives the emphasis on Hindi as an exclusionary practice that marginalizes non-Hindi-speaking regions. Karnataka and Kerala have rich linguistic heritages, with Kannada and Malayalam being the dominant languages, and for many, these are the primary modes of communication and education. The KDA claims that by limiting the exam to Hindi and English, the SSC is unfairly privileging candidates from Hindi-speaking regions.

3. Preserving Local Culture and Language: The KDA’s protest also stems from a larger sentiment around the preservation and promotion of local languages and cultures. For the people of Karnataka, the promotion of Kannada as a language of administration, education, and employment is vital to maintaining the cultural identity of the state. The KDA views this issue as part of a broader struggle for the recognition and respect of regional languages.

Claims Made by the Staff Selection Commission (SSC):

1. Central Government Jobs Require Knowledge of Hindi: SSC justifies its decision to conduct the exam in Hindi and English by stating that central government jobs, including clerks, assistants, and data entry operators, could involve transfers to different states. If the recruitment exam is conducted in regional languages, candidates might be at a disadvantage when transferred to a Hindi-speaking region. For SSC, proficiency in Hindi is essential to ensure that employees can function effectively across different states in India.

2. Practical Challenges of Language Tests: The SSC argues that implementing a language test specifically for each state or region would be impractical. The suggestion that candidates take a language test in addition to the recruitment exam for a post with the potential for transfers across states is seen as logistically challenging. The SSC contends that it would be difficult to design and manage such tests for multiple languages while ensuring uniformity and fairness in the recruitment process.

3. Uniformity Across India: SSC maintains that conducting the exam in Hindi and English ensures uniformity in the recruitment process across the entire country. This standardization is aimed at making the process equitable for all candidates, irrespective of their regional backgrounds, as they would be assessed in a language that is widely understood across India. For SSC, the use of English and Hindi is about ensuring a level playing field for all applicants.

Line of Reasoning:

1. KDA’s Perspective: The KDA’s reasoning is rooted in linguistic inclusivity. The argument is that as each state in India has its own official language, recruitment exams for central government jobs should accommodate this diversity. By making the exam available in regional languages such as Kannada and Malayalam, local candidates would have a fairer chance to compete without the added challenge of attempting the exam in a language they may not be fluent in. The KDA believes that such inclusivity would promote fairness and encourage greater participation in central government recruitment from all regions of India.

2. SSC’s Perspective: The SSC's argument is based on practicality and the national scope of the recruitment process. The reasoning behind the decision to limit the exam to Hindi and English is that these are the most commonly used languages in India, and candidates should be prepared to work in a bilingual environment if they are to join the central government. The SSC also focuses on the challenges of handling multiple language tests and the potential for logistical complications that could arise from regional language requirements.

Strengths and Weaknesses of the Argument:

Strengths of the KDA’s Argument:

1. Equity and Inclusivity: The KDA makes a strong case for linguistic inclusivity. In a country as linguistically diverse as India, ensuring that recruitment exams are available in regional languages would level the playing field for local candidates who may not be fluent in Hindi or English. This could increase participation from all regions, ensuring that qualified candidates are not excluded due to language barriers.

2. Cultural and Linguistic Identity: The protection and promotion of local languages are important for maintaining cultural identity. If candidates are expected to take exams only in Hindi and English, it risks undermining the importance of regional languages and alienating those who do not speak these languages. The KDA advocates for a recruitment process that respects and acknowledges regional identities, fostering a more inclusive and diverse society.

3. Fairness in Recruitment: Given that language can be a significant barrier to accessing opportunities, the KDA’s argument for providing exams in local languages is rooted in fairness. Forcing candidates to compete in a language they are not comfortable with could disadvantage them, regardless of their qualifications or potential for the role.

Weaknesses of the KDA’s Argument:

1. Practical Challenges of Implementing Multiple Language Options: While the KDA's call for linguistic inclusivity is reasonable, it overlooks the practical challenges involved in offering the exam in multiple languages. The cost and complexity of designing, translating, and managing exams in multiple languages for every state could create logistical and administrative difficulties. Additionally, ensuring the quality and accuracy of translations may be challenging and could lead to inconsistencies in the assessment process.

2. National Integration and Standardization: The SSC’s decision to conduct the exam in Hindi and English is designed to foster national integration and standardization. The central government, by requiring proficiency in these two languages, ensures that employees can function effectively across the country. Candidates who are proficient in both English and Hindi are more likely to be able to communicate with colleagues and work in different regions of India. This approach aims to maintain uniformity across recruitment processes.

Strengths of the SSC’s Argument:

1. Uniformity and Efficiency: The SSC’s decision to limit the exam to English and Hindi ensures that the recruitment process is standardized and manageable at a national level. With millions of candidates potentially applying for government jobs, having a standardized exam process reduces complexity and ensures that all candidates are assessed on the same criteria.

2. Practical Concerns of Transfers: Since central government jobs often involve transfers across states, the SSC’s focus on proficiency in Hindi and English is a practical consideration. Candidates who are recruited into central government positions may be posted in different regions of India where Hindi may be more useful than their regional language. Ensuring that candidates are comfortable with Hindi and English helps address this concern.

Weaknesses of the SSC’s Argument:

1. Exclusion of Regional Candidates: The SSC’s insistence on Hindi and English may alienate candidates who are proficient in regional languages but not in Hindi. For many candidates from Karnataka, Kerala, and other non-Hindi-speaking states, this requirement could make the exam more difficult, and they may feel excluded from a fair recruitment process.

2. Underestimating the Importance of Local Languages: By not offering the exam in regional languages, the SSC risks undervaluing the importance of local languages in promoting social equity. Language is a key component of cultural identity, and the SSC's approach may reinforce the dominance of Hindi over other languages, which could perpetuate linguistic inequalities across regions.

The debate over the language of the SSC recruitment exam raises important questions about fairness, inclusivity, and practicality in India's recruitment processes. While the KDA makes a compelling argument for the need to consider regional languages in recruitment exams, the SSC’s stance highlights the logistical challenges of accommodating such diversity, especially in the context of central government jobs that may involve transfers across states. Both perspectives have their merits and weaknesses, but the solution likely lies in finding a middle ground—perhaps offering exams in regional languages while maintaining Hindi and English as options to ensure national integration and the ability to communicate across regions.

Ultimately, the focus should be on making recruitment processes more equitable while ensuring that candidates are adequately prepared for the realities of working in a national context, where multilingual proficiency is often required.

• ·        Cleanliness is something which the western world follows out of ethics and an efficient waste management system. While some other countries follow it due to imposition of draconian laws. India follows neither- and hence the leads to unhygienic public places. Children follow the cleanliness only if they are taught about it. What India needs is a proper civic education system. But who will impart this lesson? The schools and teachers are neither interested nor are willing to take up the challenge. It seems impossible that cleanliness will be taught to students. We should stop hoping for a Clean India.

The issue of cleanliness in India, particularly in public spaces, has long been a topic of concern. The argument presented here critiques India's current state of cleanliness by comparing it with the practices followed in the Western world and other countries. The author suggests that while the Western world upholds cleanliness due to ethical reasons and efficient waste management systems, and other countries enforce it through strict laws, India lacks both the ethical drive and the regulatory frameworks necessary to ensure cleanliness. Moreover, the argument proposes that cleanliness in India is a matter of education, which should be imparted by schools and teachers, but contends that schools are neither willing nor interested in taking on this responsibility. Ultimately, the argument suggests that due to these systemic failures, cleanliness may never be achieved in India.

Analysis of the Argument

Claims Made:

1. Cleanliness in Western Countries: The author claims that Western countries maintain cleanliness primarily due to ethical reasons and an efficient waste management system. This implies that there is a moral obligation to keep public spaces clean, supported by an effective infrastructure for waste management.

2. Cleanliness in Other Countries: The author observes that other countries maintain cleanliness primarily due to the imposition of strict laws, which effectively enforce cleanliness in public spaces. This suggests that in some countries, cleanliness is achieved more through compulsion rather than voluntary participation.

3. India's Lack of Cleanliness: The claim here is that India follows neither of these approaches—ethical reasoning or regulatory enforcement—which results in unhygienic public spaces. The absence of effective systems and ethical commitment to cleanliness contributes to the country’s cleanliness crisis.

4. Need for Civic Education: The author suggests that what India requires is a proper civic education system to teach children about the importance of cleanliness and instill hygienic practices. The author sees the education system as key to shaping future generations' attitudes toward cleanliness.

5. Failure of Schools and Teachers: A critical point in the argument is the suggestion that schools and teachers are not interested or willing to take on the responsibility of teaching cleanliness. The lack of interest or initiative on the part of educational institutions is seen as a significant barrier to improving cleanliness.

6. Pessimism About Clean India: The author concludes that, given the failures in education and systemic shortcomings, it seems impossible that cleanliness will be taught to students, and hence, the vision of a "Clean India" should be abandoned.

Line of Reasoning:

1. Cleanliness as an Ethical Duty or Legal Requirement: The reasoning in the argument is based on the assumption that countries with ethical systems or strict laws are able to enforce cleanliness more effectively than India. In this view, cleanliness is either a personal responsibility (ethics) or a legal obligation (laws), and India's failure to adopt either approach is at the root of its unhygienic public spaces.

2. Education as the Solution: The argument proposes that India’s problem with cleanliness can only be solved by introducing proper civic education that instills hygiene practices in children. The claim here is that children will adopt cleanliness if they are taught about it from a young age, suggesting that education plays a key role in shaping future behavior.

3. Disillusionment with Schools: The author expresses a sense of hopelessness regarding the role of schools in promoting cleanliness. This pessimism is grounded in the belief that schools are neither interested nor willing to take responsibility for teaching these values, leading to a sense that the goal of a clean India is unattainable.

Strengths of the Argument:

1. Highlighting the Role of Education: The emphasis on civic education as a solution to the cleanliness problem is valid. Education can play a transformative role in shaping social norms and behaviors. By integrating civic responsibility and hygiene education into school curricula, children can be taught the importance of cleanliness, which could lead to long-term changes in behavior.

2. Awareness of Systemic Issues: The author correctly identifies the systemic nature of India's cleanliness issues. Cleanliness is not only about individual behavior but also about broader infrastructure, government policies, and societal attitudes. These systems must be improved in parallel with any educational efforts to create a lasting impact.

3. Realistic Assessment of India's Challenges: The recognition of India's complex social and cultural challenges in implementing cleanliness policies is important. The author acknowledges that India does not follow the practices of the Western world or other countries that have successfully implemented effective waste management systems or cleanliness laws.

4. Civic Responsibility: The point about fostering a sense of civic responsibility through education is important because societal change often starts with individual awareness. Encouraging children to take ownership of cleanliness in their surroundings could potentially lead to cleaner communities in the long run.

Weaknesses of the Argument:

1. Overgeneralization of Western and Other Countries' Practices: The claim that Western countries maintain cleanliness solely due to ethics and that other countries do so only through the enforcement of strict laws may oversimplify the issue. Western countries also have highly effective waste management systems, robust infrastructure, and public policies that support cleanliness. Similarly, other countries that enforce laws regarding cleanliness also invest heavily in waste management and public infrastructure, which is often absent in India. Therefore, the author overlooks the complex interplay of infrastructure, policy, and cultural factors in promoting cleanliness.

2. Overlooking Government Role: While the author emphasizes the role of education, it fails to fully address the need for effective government policies and investment in infrastructure for waste management. Cleanliness in public spaces requires not just awareness and education, but also functioning systems for waste disposal, recycling, and cleanliness. The role of municipal and state governments in providing these services cannot be downplayed.

3. Inaccurate Conclusion of Hopelessness: The conclusion that "we should stop hoping for a Clean India" is overly pessimistic. While the challenges are indeed substantial, it is unrealistic to suggest that progress is impossible. India has already made strides in areas such as sanitation under initiatives like Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission). There is evidence that, with concerted effort and attention, public cleanliness can improve. Rather than giving up on the idea, a more constructive approach would involve strengthening civic education, improving waste management infrastructure, and ensuring stricter enforcement of cleanliness standards.

4. Overlooking Role of Communities and NGOs: The argument primarily focuses on schools and teachers as the sole agents for change. However, community-driven initiatives and the involvement of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) can also play a crucial role in promoting cleanliness. In several parts of India, local communities and grassroots organizations have worked together to clean up neighborhoods, raise awareness, and create sustainable solutions. By excluding these efforts, the argument overlooks the potential for bottom-up solutions.

Suggestions for Improving Cleanliness in India:

1. Integrated Civic Education: To address cleanliness issues effectively, India needs a comprehensive civic education program that focuses on the importance of cleanliness, waste segregation, and responsible behavior. Schools should teach children about hygiene, waste management, and the environmental impacts of pollution, thereby instilling good habits at an early age.

2. Government Infrastructure and Policy Support: Alongside education, the government must continue to focus on improving waste management infrastructure. Building more effective waste collection, disposal, and recycling systems is crucial to addressing the cleanliness problem. Municipal governments must also enforce rules regarding littering and public cleanliness.

3. Public Awareness Campaigns: Public campaigns aimed at raising awareness about cleanliness can help shift public attitudes. Engaging the public through media, social platforms, and local events can encourage citizens to adopt cleaner habits and take responsibility for their surroundings.

4. Community Participation and Civic Engagement: Encouraging local communities to take ownership of cleanliness in their neighborhoods can lead to more sustainable practices. Local cleanliness drives, neighborhood cleanups, and awareness programs can foster a sense of community responsibility.

5. Incentives and Penalties: Creating incentives for maintaining clean public spaces and imposing penalties for littering and improper waste disposal can help in ensuring that cleanliness becomes a priority in daily life. Combining education with strict regulations could lead to greater accountability.

While the cleanliness crisis in India is undoubtedly a complex issue with deep-rooted systemic challenges, it is far from hopeless. A combination of effective civic education, improved government infrastructure, community involvement, and public awareness campaigns can pave the way for a cleaner and healthier India. The argument that "we should stop hoping for a Clean India" is overly pessimistic, as progress is already underway, and more can be done if all stakeholders—including schools, government bodies, and citizens—work together to address the problem. Cleanliness is not an unattainable dream; it requires concerted effort and sustained commitment from individuals, communities, and authorities alike.

• ·        We should not care about the environment as once we have reached the pinnacle of our development we can take care of it anyway.

Analysis of the Argument: "We should not care about the environment as once we have reached the pinnacle of our development we can take care of it anyway."

The argument presented here posits that environmental concerns are secondary and can be addressed once we have achieved the highest level of development. This view implies that economic growth, technological advancements, and societal progress should be prioritized over environmental conservation, with the assumption that the environment can be dealt with effectively once the "pinnacle" of development is reached. Let's critically examine this claim from both perspectives.

Claims Made:

1. Development Should Take Priority: The main claim is that economic and developmental progress should take precedence. According to this argument, the focus should be on advancing society, increasing productivity, and achieving greater levels of technological and economic development. The idea is that once these milestones are reached, the environment can be addressed later.

2. Environmental Issues Can Be Solved Later: The argument assumes that once we have reached a certain level of development, society will have the resources, technology, and capability to deal with environmental issues. This perspective suggests that development and environmental conservation are not simultaneously necessary, but can be addressed sequentially.

Line of Reasoning:

1. Development as the Solution: The reasoning behind this argument is that economic growth leads to technological innovation, and once society reaches a higher stage of development, it will be capable of addressing environmental degradation through technological advancements. The idea is that resources that are initially diverted to industrialization, infrastructure, and other development projects can later be redirected to environmental protection once the economy is sufficiently developed.

2. Technological Optimism: The argument also appears to be rooted in a belief in technological optimism—the idea that advances in science and technology will eventually allow us to solve the environmental problems that arise from development. This is often tied to the belief that technologies like renewable energy, geoengineering, and environmental restoration techniques will mitigate the environmental damage caused by earlier stages of development.

Strengths of the Argument:

1. Belief in Technological Innovation: One strength of the argument is its optimism about technological progress. Historically, some countries have successfully addressed certain environmental issues (such as pollution) after achieving high levels of industrialization. For instance, many developed nations have made strides in environmental protection through the introduction of cleaner technologies, stricter environmental regulations, and advancements in waste management systems.

2. Economic Growth Fuels Environmental Solutions: Economic development can provide the resources needed for environmental remediation. Wealthier nations are often better equipped to invest in green technologies, sustainable practices, and environmental restoration. This perspective suggests that with more resources, societies could implement cleaner technologies and mitigate environmental damage.

Weaknesses of the Argument:

1. Environmental Damage Cannot Be Undone: A major flaw in this argument is the assumption that environmental degradation can be reversed after development reaches its peak. This overlooks the irreversible nature of many environmental issues, such as species extinction, loss of biodiversity, deforestation, and climate change. Environmental damage caused by unchecked industrialization and resource exploitation can have long-lasting or even permanent consequences, making it difficult or impossible to "fix" the environment once it's been severely impacted.

2. Environmental Degradation Hinders Development: The argument fails to consider that environmental degradation can, in fact, hinder economic growth and development. Poor air quality, water scarcity, soil degradation, and other environmental problems can directly affect public health, agricultural productivity, and the availability of natural resources, all of which are essential for sustainable development. A damaged environment can lead to economic losses that may undermine the very progress the argument suggests should come first.

3. Climate Change and Global Impact: One of the most critical environmental challenges is climate change, which is already affecting countries worldwide. Climate change is a global problem that requires immediate attention, and delaying action can result in catastrophic consequences, including extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and disruptions to food and water supplies. Waiting until the "pinnacle of development" to address climate change is risky and could lead to irreversible global damage.

4. Sustainability Must Be Integrated with Development: The assumption that development and environmental protection can be separated is flawed. Sustainable development requires the integration of environmental conservation with economic and technological progress. If we wait to address environmental issues until after we've reached an advanced stage of development, we may face a situation where the damage is too great to undo, and the resources needed to fix it are inadequate. Sustainable practices should be part of development from the beginning, not an afterthought.

5. Environmental Justice: Another weakness is that the argument overlooks the impact of environmental degradation on vulnerable populations. The poorest and most marginalized communities often bear the brunt of environmental harm, such as air and water pollution, deforestation, and climate change. Delaying action to protect the environment disproportionately affects these communities, as they are least able to cope with environmental damage.

6. The Precautionary Principle: The argument disregards the precautionary principle, which states that when there is uncertainty about the potential harmful effects of an action (such as development causing environmental damage), the burden of proof should lie with those advocating for the action. It’s better to take preventive measures early, rather than waiting for the situation to worsen and hoping to fix it later.

The Need for a Balanced Approach:

Rather than separating development and environmental care, a balanced and integrated approach is necessary. This includes:

1. Sustainable Development: Sustainable development ensures that economic growth does not come at the expense of the environment. This approach focuses on meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Policies that promote renewable energy, resource efficiency, and sustainable agriculture are examples of how development and environmental protection can go hand in hand.

2. Investing in Green Technologies Early: Instead of waiting until the pinnacle of development is reached, investment in green technologies and eco-friendly practices should begin early in the development process. This includes renewable energy sources, electric vehicles, sustainable agriculture practices, and waste reduction. Early investments in sustainability ensure that economic growth does not exacerbate environmental damage.

3. Climate Action Now: Climate change is an urgent global issue that cannot be delayed. Waiting until development is complete is not an option, as the effects of climate change are already being felt across the world. Immediate action is necessary to reduce carbon emissions, transition to renewable energy, and prepare for the impacts of climate change. Proactive policies and global cooperation are essential to addressing this crisis.

4. Environmental Education: Educating people about the importance of environmental conservation is essential to creating a sustainable future. Public awareness campaigns, environmental education in schools, and community-based initiatives can help foster a culture of sustainability, where individuals and businesses prioritize the well-being of the planet alongside economic progress.

5. The Role of Government and Business: Governments play a critical role in setting regulations and standards that encourage sustainable development, while businesses can innovate and adopt environmentally friendly practices. Policy measures such as carbon pricing, waste reduction mandates, and sustainable urban planning can encourage both economic growth and environmental protection.

The argument that we should not care about the environment until we have reached the pinnacle of development is fundamentally flawed. It overlooks the irreversible nature of many environmental problems, the interdependence between economic growth and a healthy environment, and the urgent need to address global issues like climate change. Rather than postponing environmental concerns, it is essential that development be pursued in a sustainable manner, where environmental preservation is integrated into the process from the outset. The idea of delaying environmental action until development is "complete" is a risky and shortsighted approach that could lead to irreversible damage. Sustainable development, driven by both technological innovation and responsible resource management, is the only path forward for a prosperous and livable future for all.

• ·        Topic was based on ‘Chalta Hai attitude of Indians’.

The topic of "Chalta Hai attitude of Indians" is about the carefree and flexible attitude of Indians that some say is a hindrance to the country's progress. The term "Chalta Hai" is often used to describe when someone accepts things as they are, or when they don't put in the effort to make things better. 

• Examples of the "Chalta Hai" attitude:
  • Jumping the line
  • Yielding to unreasonable demands
  • Ignoring unjust things that happen around you
  • Not taking care of your health
  • Not taking warning signs seriously

Books about the "Chalta Hai" attitude

• Chalta Hai India: When 'It's Ok!' is Not Ok

  By Alpesh Patel, this book explores the "Chalta Hai" attitude and suggests ways to get rid of it. It also traces the roots of the attitude through India's history.

• ·        A Case study on a Beverage Company’s Cola drink. There were strong allegations against the company for using acids above the permissible limits set by foreign authorities in their Kola drink. Whereas there were no such permissible limits set by any governing bodies in India. Due to a high level of acidity in the drink, children were suffering from illness…etc.. You are the Manager, who is on leave for 2 days to look after your daughter who is sick, might be because of drinking the same Cola drink. As a Manager, how would you handle this situation after joining back? What would be your plan of action?

The allegations regarding the cola drink pose a significant challenge, but with a well-structured response, the situation can be managed effectively. As the Manager, the approach would involve immediate investigation and damage control, transparent communication with stakeholders, ensuring consumer safety through product recalls or reformulation, and rebuilding the brand’s reputation with a focus on safety, transparency, and long-term commitment to consumer health. By taking swift and decisive action, the company can restore public trust and demonstrate its responsibility toward the well-being of its customers.

As the Manager of the beverage company, the situation you're describing is a serious crisis that requires immediate attention. The allegations against the company for using acids above permissible limits in their cola drink, leading to illnesses among children, could cause significant reputational damage, loss of consumer trust, and potential legal consequences. It is crucial to handle the crisis with transparency, responsiveness, and careful strategic planning. Here's how I would approach the situation after joining back from my leave:

Step 1: Immediate Damage Control and Investigation

Upon returning, the first priority would be to address the crisis quickly and effectively. This includes both internal and external actions.

1. Internal Communication and Investigation:

   • Gather Facts: Initiate an immediate internal investigation into the allegations to confirm the facts. Collaborate with the R&D team, quality control, and the legal department to determine whether the claims about the acid levels in the drink are accurate and whether the product exceeds any permissible limits or safety standards (both locally and internationally).
   • Evaluate Testing and Compliance: Ensure the product has undergone the necessary safety and quality control tests, including assessments by any relevant health authorities or agencies. Cross-check with India’s food safety authorities (such as FSSAI) to ensure all guidelines have been adhered to.
   • Assess Impact on Health: Consult with medical experts to determine if the allegations are valid and the cola drink is indeed causing harm. Understand whether the acidity levels could genuinely be a risk, especially for children.

2. External Communication:

   • Addressing the Media: Prepare a clear, concise, and transparent public statement to address the allegations. The statement should include:
     • Acknowledging the seriousness of the situation.
     • Communicating that the company is investigating the issue and taking it seriously.
     • Reassuring the public that consumer safety is the top priority.
     • Offering to cooperate with health authorities and share results from the investigation.
   • Press Release: Issue a formal press release to the media, explaining the company’s immediate response and steps being taken to resolve the issue. Make sure the message is consistent and does not create confusion.

Step 2: Engage with Stakeholders

After assessing the situation internally and externally, the next step is to engage with key stakeholders.

1. Regulatory Authorities (FSSAI, Health Ministry, etc.):

   • If the company is found to be in violation of any safety regulations or guidelines, it’s essential to cooperate fully with relevant authorities. This might involve temporarily halting production, conducting voluntary recalls, or submitting to inspections and audits.
   • If there is no violation according to Indian regulations, explain the findings to these authorities and ask for further clarification on whether any future regulations on acidity levels will be set in India.

2. Consumers:

   • Public Apology and Transparency: Once the investigation is complete and the facts are clear, issue a public apology if necessary. If the drink is found to be unsafe, an immediate recall would be required, along with an assurance of reformulation or improvements in product safety.
   • Health and Safety Measures: If the issue is confirmed to be due to the acidity level, offer compensation for those affected by the illness. This can include refunds, medical expenses reimbursement, and free medical checkups for children who consumed the drink.
   • Reassurance: Reassure the public that their health and safety are of the utmost importance. Detail the steps the company will take to rectify the issue and ensure that the product is safe for consumption moving forward.

3. Customers (Retailers, Distributors):

   • Transparency with Retail Partners: Contact key retail partners and distributors immediately to inform them of the situation, the steps being taken, and any actions they might need to take (e.g., removing the affected product from shelves).
   • Reassurance on Quality Standards: Communicate that the company remains committed to maintaining the highest product quality standards and that this issue is being addressed.

Step 3: Product Recall (If Necessary)

If the investigation reveals that the cola drink contains levels of acidity above the permissible limits (even though there may be no such limits in India), and this is causing health problems, a product recall might be necessary.

1. Recall Procedure:

   • Set up a Customer Support Hotline: Provide a customer support hotline to handle refund requests, complaints, and information about the recall process. Ensure that customers know how to return the product and get their money back.
   • Communicate Recall on All Platforms: Use all communication channels—TV, social media, newspapers, company websites, etc.—to announce the recall and provide instructions for consumers to follow.
   • Provide Refunds or Exchange Options: Offer consumers an option to either return the product for a full refund or exchange it for a new, safe product if a safer version is available.

2. Transparency in the Process:

   • Ensure that all actions taken during the recall are transparent and well-communicated to the public. Maintain a visible presence in the media, social media platforms, and via direct customer outreach to provide reassurance and clarity.

Step 4: Long-Term Strategy for Rebuilding Trust

After addressing the immediate crisis, the focus should shift to restoring the brand’s reputation and trust with consumers, particularly parents and children who may have been affected.

1. Improved Product Testing and Quality Control:

   • Review Safety Protocols: Strengthen internal quality control processes, including more rigorous testing of all ingredients and end products to ensure compliance with both local and international standards.
   • Third-Party Audits: Consider engaging an independent third party to conduct regular audits and assessments of product safety. Publish the results of these audits publicly to demonstrate a commitment to safety and transparency.

2. Product Reformulation (If Necessary):

   • Reduce Acidity Levels (if applicable): If the cola drink is found to have harmful acidity levels, work with the R&D and product development teams to reformulate the product, reducing acidity levels and ensuring the drink is safe for children and adults alike.
   • Healthier Options: Explore launching healthier versions of the product, such as low-acid or sugar-free variants, to appeal to health-conscious consumers.

3. Health and Wellness Campaign:

   • Educational Campaigns: Launch an educational campaign that promotes healthier consumption of beverages, focusing on the importance of moderation in sugary drinks and the potential effects of high acidity on children’s health.
   • Reaffirm Commitment to Safety: Continue to communicate the steps the company is taking to ensure safe and quality products. Transparency in actions post-crisis is key to rebuilding trust.

4. Engagement with Parents and Children:

   • Create Educational Content: Develop engaging content aimed at educating parents about healthy beverage choices for children. This could be done through advertisements, social media, or even school partnerships.
   • Sponsor Health Initiatives: Partner with schools or health organizations to sponsor health education programs that highlight the importance of safe food and beverage consumption. This would help reposition the brand as responsible and caring.

Step 5: Prevent Future Incidents

In addition to handling the current situation, it’s crucial to implement strategies to prevent future incidents.

1. Ongoing Monitoring and Research:

   • Continuously monitor industry standards and regulations related to beverage production and ingredients.
   • Stay informed about potential risks associated with new ingredients or product formulations and conduct thorough research before launching new products.

2. Create an Emergency Response Plan:

   • Develop a robust crisis communication plan, including steps to take in the event of similar situations arising. This should include predefined protocols for investigating allegations, managing public relations, and addressing consumer concerns.·     

• ·        A brief passage regarding the inappropriateness of GDP as a measure of a country’s welfare followed by a few questions seeking views on the correctness of this claim.

• ·        A case study on freedom of expression. Should there be limits or not?

• ·        IITians are offered subsidy for their education and it is taxpayers’ money. They end up taking management jobs and hence it is a wasteful expenditure on them. Write the claim of the author, whether you agree or not and why?

• ·   

• most of the celebrities. How he tweets mostly about money and his tweets portray an exhausted and demotivated guy. His huge following means that he strikes a chord with the world. So, this implies that our society is also demotivated and exhausted. Hence we can conclude that we have no future as a society.

• ·        What will you do if you become the Prime Minister of India?

• ·        The argument given to us was on the workweek which is 5 working days and 2 holidays currently and how it is beneficial to switch to a 3-1-2-1 workweek.

• ·        A case study on replacing all the cars with self-driving cars due to advancement in algorithm based technology - We were supposed to critically analyse the author’s assumptions and point out merits/faults in author’s suggestion.

• ·        Non violence in today’s world.

• ·        People nowadays tend to lead rather than work. Write your views about it in 200 words.

• ·        We had been given a long statement on how tourism leads to corruption of societal values/morals etc., and that it should be restricted to certain parts of the year. We had to give our own analysis, support and weaken the argument, consider the assumptions made and think what other data points could help us support/weaken the argument.

• ·        The relationships between employees and their organizations are becoming transactional in nature. This is leading to increased stress and burnout at the workplace and a decline in employee loyalty. Thus, to improve employee loyalty, organizations should strive to create a better workplace environment and invest in the learning, development and well-being of their employees.

• ·        A case based on the views of an employee in the firm regarding a research. We had to find out Assumptions, arguments to support and weaken the statement.

                 IIM Bangalore

 

 

• ·        Something related to whether India needs more managers or more entrepreneurs.

• ·        We were asked our opinion on women empowerment.

• ·        Traditional rote based learning (memorization techniques) are largely replaced by modern activity based learning system. Compare the two of them and discuss the merits and demerits of each.

• ·        Should AI be regulated?

• ·        India is going to be world's most populous country in the world. What in your opinion would be effect on agriculture and clothing.

• ·        India's middle class is growing rapidly with 29% in 2015 to 44% in 2025 according to a McKinsey report. Discuss its implications on the economy and society.

• ·        Media and advertising have promoted Zero figure of young models. This has a negative impact on the health of young girls. What ways would you suggest to tackle this problem?

• ·        IMF Chief economist pointed out that farm loan waiver is not a solution to the farmer distress in India. Explain the situation in light of recent election manifesto.

• ·        Universal Basic Income has been in the news recently. What would be the challenges in implementing such a scheme in India?

• ·        “Political correctness is curbing the expression of true feelings. Discuss.”

• ·        Countries such as UAE and Bhutan have happiness index to oversee social welfare programmes for the well being of citizens. One Indian state has also created a ministry of happiness. Comment on this development.

• ·        What does the Cashless economy mean for poor in India?

• ·        The number of women studying graduate sciences has increased 5 fold in the last 60 years. However the number of women holding faculty positions in the graduate science institutions is only 15%. What according to you are the reasons for the same? What can be done to improve the situation and increase the number of women faculty?

• ·        Discrimination is not learnt by experience, it is taught. What is your opinion about the same? Validate with relevant examples.

• ·        A high school survey highlights a new trend where students shun science and related stream as a career of choice. Comment.

• ·        Save water in Holi, give up cracker on Diwali for environment protection. Is it justified?

• ·        Low labour cost and abundance of cheap domestic labour represents no advantage for businesses in this world of increasing globalization.

• ·        Over the last few years, reverse globalization is being touted as a significant macro economic trend. Discuss the causes and consequences of the above.

• ·        About a survey on school children where it was found out that there is a shift towards joining private schools. We were supposed to write our views on that.

• ·        India needs clear regulations to curb negative aspects of tourism.

• ·        B-Schools are rising rapidly in India, but the quality of schools are not adequate. Suggest a framework for for measuring the quality of B-Schools.

• ·        Delhi has been in news for pollution. What could be the steps to reduce urban pollution in India

• ·        While there is lot of branding activity in Indian market, indigenous brands are not able to make it. Comment.

• ·        Govt. has recently put a limit of Rs 20000 on cash donations to political parties. Do you think it will help in curbing corruption bringing transparency in the system? What more can be done in this regard?

• ·        Write your opinion about whether Net Neutrality is good or bad for India.

• ·        Modern youth is developing ‘visual intelligence’ through TV, internet and video games.

• ·        Is social media good or bad?

• ·        Safety of women in India can only be brought about by a change in the societal mindset.

• ·        Primary enrollment in India is around 80+% (good number by Indian standard) but according to a study less than 50% of 5th standard students can solve 2nd standard Maths

• and English question. What are our views on this and how this problem can be solved?

 

 

                            IIM Calcutta

 

 

• ·        It was on film Censorship and asked for our views in favour and against.

• ·        On the lines of science vs mythology and science supporting mythology recently unlike past.

• ·        Last year has been a major highlight wherein some high profile weddings too place in India. What in your opinion are the pros and cons of big fat Indian weddings ?

• ·        Universal Basic Income has been in the news recently. What would be the challenges in implementing such a scheme in India?

• ·        Discuss the gray area of the MeToo Movement. What are your views on who should be accused and who should be believed?

• ·        Suggest measures to improve the health indicators in a country.

• ·        With over a billion users worldwide, mobile phones are becoming all pervasive. What will be the impact of this? Will this be of any benefit?

• ·        How tourism in ecologically sensitive areas is harmful and remedies with respect hill stations?

• ·        In 2019, Indian Science Congress published various papers claiming the ancient India had advanced scientific developments like aeroplanes, test tube babies and space exploration etc. What is your opinion? What do you think is the reason for these claims? What future implications will this claim have?

• ·        Has Bollywood been instrumental in national integration in India? Your views on should cinema aim to influence opinions of the public.

• ·        Multimedia platforms provide scope for different types of expressions. Is this a positive trend? Are there any inherent dangers? What is your view?

• ·        There is poor state of secondary education in India. What are the reasons behind it and What should be done by government to tackle this problem? (300 words – 25 mins)

• ·        Business Management students with background in Arts like Literature or Psychology have a natural advantage in the corporate ecosystem. Do you agree or not?

• ·        Opinions on flexible time at a workplace.

• ·        Vertical development of cities is better than the unorganized and unstructured horizontal growth. What do you think?

• ·        Waste dumping and garbage disposal into the oceans are affecting them adversely. What do you think are the consequences we may face? Suggest solutions to this problem (300 words, 25 minutes).

• ·        Twisted lines around Euthanasia.

• ·        PM Modi launched the scheme ‘Khelo India’ to promote sports in India. What are the problem of sports in India and suggest ways to improve them. (25 mins).

• ·        What were the pros and cons of GST?

• ·        In the light of the Supreme Court’s ruling on the right of privacy, express your views on Aadhaar?

• ·        Freedom of speech is important in a democratic nation. How does a corrupt media impact? What is your take on this?

• ·        In recent months, many governments are banning the sale of alcohol in the states? Analyse the above decision and state both pros and cons? (20 Mins)

• ·        Psychologists assume that we are all generous by nature. But in this consumer oriented world, it is more about getting rather than giving. Do you agree, give reasons?

• ·        People think that our education system is not ready for 21st century.

• ·        Article 21 of the constitution gives us the right to live our own life with dignity. An NGO wants to extend it to right to die with dignity.Will you support its claim? Give your views.

• ·        Is it justifiable for countries to spend huge sum of money on space research?

• ·        Global warming has adverse effects on all species on the planet. Should we migrate to another planet? If no, suggest measures to mitigate the disaster.

• ·        TV Serials have started showing Indian Mythology. Are they an effective way to spread awareness about Indian Mythology?

• ·        Reasons for Intolerance issue, with examples.

• ·        Something related to cinema and culture.

• ·        Law Enforcement Directorate has proposed to decriminalize attempt to suicide. Do you support it or not? Explain.

• ·        Allowing limited usage of performance-enhancing drugs in sports - pros and cons.

• ·        Everyday 368 people die in road accidents in India. What are the measures you will take to improve upon this situation?

• ·        Students want to be admitted to institutes of national importance like IITs and IIMs more for the pay packages involved rather than the educational prospective. What is your opinion about this? Justify your opinion and what led you to decide the same?

• ·        Impact of FDI through ‘Make in India’ on Indian economy and a common man.

 

 

IIM Lucknow

 

 

• ·        Politicians are not respected anymore. Comment.

• ·        Sports is a better career than management.

• ·        US China trade war is not a zero sum game.

• ·        Are bullet trains really needed in India?

• ·        Glass ceiling still exists.

• ·        Is intelligence hereditary?

• ·        Greed is good. (Time limit: 20 mins)?

• ·        There needs to be more spending on primary education compared to university, in India.

• ·        Artificial Intelligence - The future or just a buzz?

• ·        There should be no mandatory attendance in B-Schools.

• ·        It’s high time that the Indian government shifts its focus from manufacturing sector to the agricultural sector.

• ·        Happiness is a state of mind.

• ·        Right to Information(RTI) Act should be applicable to Political Parties and Media.

• ·        Political parties should be funded by state and not by industrialists or public donations.

• ·        There is no wrong time to do the right thing.

• ·        India is a hot bed for technological breakthroughs and innovations due to its regional diversity.

• ·        Subsidy to IITs and NITs is a waste of tax payers money.

• ·        Should Happiness Index be used in place of GDP as an indicator of economic progress?

• ·        Non violence has lost its relevance today.

• ·        With greater risks come greater successes.

• ·        Has the world politics taken a right wing turn? (15 minutes)

• ·        Topic was UN is a failed organization.

• ·        Taking risks can either result in great profits or losses

• ·        Should India continue with the space missions when there is so much poverty around?

• ·        Highly intelligent students have difficult time at B-schools.

• ·        Entrepreneurs can learn some things only from other entrepreneurs.

IIM Indore

 

 

• ·        A number of governments in the past have proposed various schemes and measures to improve the condition of farmers. However, 70 years after Independence the plight of farmers is the same. Suggest a few measures to alleviate the suffering of farmers in India.

• ·        Artificial intelligence is taking over jobs. What are your views on this? Give examples to support your points (300 words, 30 minutes)

• ·        'Discipline should be taught by giving duties and responsibilities rather than framing rules and regulations'.

• ·        Indian education system focus on only academic excellence not social, emotional and psychological development.

• ·        Fear of missing out has led to higher online activity. Do you think it has resulted in people being more lonely?

• ·        It is often seen that if you ban a certain activity, you are increasing the likelihood of that activity being carried out underground. The same argument is being debated to legalize marijuana in Universities. Do you agree or disagree?

• ·        Every year 10 million Indian youth add up into working population, but most of the youth is unskilled and is unable to cope up with technological advancement in the world. What skills, according to you, should be imparted to the youth under the skill development programs?

• ·        Unethical practices by doctors are increasing . Provide some solutions to improve the current scenario.

• ·        It is better for old people to live in retirement homes away from rush of city. Do advantages of living in retirement homes outweigh the disadvantages?

• ·        How ease of doing business ranking is created? What is your opinion on India regarding ease of doing business? What government can do to improve ease of doing business in India?

• ·        What do you think about the rising rates of pollution in India? Discuss in detail, enumerating causes and ways to combat the same (300 words, 30 minutes)

• ·        Marketing is responsible for creation of new segments in the industry. What are your views on this?

• ·        Poor quality of education in government schools (30 min 300 words).

• ·        Can today's advertisement be accused for misleading the society or not?

• ·        Indian women are getting educated in increasing scale, but women in the work force haven’t increased in that proportion? According to you what are the causes for this and what steps are needed to remove this imbalance?

• ·        India's youth is going towards distance learning rather than normal college courses. Discuss challenges and benefits.

• ·        What can government do to tackle garbage disposal issue in major Indian cities? How can citizens help government for the same?

• ·        Economic growth and environmental protection are mutually exclusive. Is it possible to achieve one without negatively affecting the other. Give your thoughts on this.

• ·        Subjects such as humanities aren’t given attention as science takes the limelight. However companies look for a broad base education in their employees. How can universities devise courses to make students more employable?

• ·        Supreme court decided to have National anthem sung in movie theaters. Does this promotes patriotism? Is it the only way to promote patriotism what is your opinion?

• ·        Impact of Facebook and Twitter in our lives.

• ·        Economic growth and environmental protection are mutually exclusive. Is it possible to achieve one without negatively affecting the other. Give your thoughts on this.

• ·        Kids in Indian Metros do not know languages other than Hindi and English. Should they learn their mother tongue, along with other Indian languages? Give your arguments.

 

IIM Kozhikode

 

 

• ·        Capitalism is slowly and inevitably leading to mankind’s extinction.

• ·        Should India restrict entry of foreign companies in India or should it regulate the entry?

• ·        Should the government give preference to Indian companies such as Flipkart, Ola to give them an advantage over foreign companies?

• ·        MeToo Movement has become propaganda in for women to accuse their male counterpart in the workplace. Discuss.

• ·        Our progress will lead us to our extinction.

• ·        De-urbanization is the need of the hour.

• ·        Religion and Politics are inseparable.

• ·        In case of a conflict, the constitutional laws should always prevail over the personal laws in India.

• ·        Threat to secularism is overrated.

• ·        Difference between selection criteria of Supreme Court judges in India and the United States.

• ·        Should companies just focus on profit maximization?

• ·        Data privacy is secondary to internet related growth.

• ·        Machine learning will take our jobs.

• ·        When it comes to business, greed is good.

• ·        The Volkswagen Scandal.

• ·        With increasing unemployment, India should ban all its efforts on self-driving cars.

• ·        Should India focus on Smart Cities when 30 crores of its citizens are still without electricity?

• ·        The only way to conquer what you fear, is by doing it over and over again.

• ·        Corruption has been prevalent since the beginning of human civilization. Hence, there's no point in trying to stop corruption.

• ·        History has taught us enough. Now we must learn our own modern day lessons.

• ·        Higher education is a guarantor of better pay and prospects.

• ·        The government should not bail-out national banks even in case of bankruptcy.

• ·        Money is yours, but resources belong to the society.

• ·        Should India finance its infrastructure through Internal finances or external borrowings?

• ·        The world is literally made up of the stories we tell. If we want to change the world, we need to change the stories we tell.

• ·        The sole responsibility of companies is to make profits.

• ·        Doing something right saves time better than explaining doing something wrong.

• ·        Right to Privacy is in danger in India.

• ·        Should India have Presidential form of government?

• ·        Private sectors promotes employee’s ability and public sector promotes employment.

• ·        How important is the role of a leader in a business organisation?

• ·        Is population of India an asset or liability?

• ·        Strength does not come from physical capacity. It is derived from an indomitable will.

• ·        Ethics and business don’t go together.

• ·        Education is the progressive discovery of our own negligence.

• ·        Something on the lines of environment protection and the need to save human species/Earth.

• ·        Individual incentives are better than team based incentives in an organization.

• ·        Govt. providing subsidies and its advantages and disadvantages for the whole country.

• ·        Digital India and its changing dynamics.

• ·        Future Wars will be fought over Air and Water instead of Economic Wealth and Patriotism.

• ·        Individual vs. Group Appraisal system in any company.

• ·        Who is responsible for the lack of safety of women in India?

 

 

IIM Shillong

 

 

• ·        The case was an ethical dilemma about whether a person can share a software he uses as a part of his job to his friend who will benefit by using the software.

• ·        A driver with 15-year work experience and good behavior was promoted as a personal driver of Managing director of a large public sector company. On a day, after a long tiring trip, he took the vehicle to his own house rather than parking it at the office, which was against office norms. On that very day, he killed an 8-year-old girl who was crossing road hastily. The driver tried to save that girl but it all happened so quickly, that he could not save her. He was taken to custody but was later released from the law of land due to lack of enough evidence. Now you are managing director of the company. Decide what course of action you would take keeping that fact that taking office vehicle to home was against companies rules and regulations?

• ·        It was a case discussion. Legal and ethical perspectives were mentioned during the discussion regarding a corporate scandal.

• ·        Based on the course of action for a company’s management so as to remain in the same market or diversify into another.

• ·        MD’s driver instead of leaving the car at company’s parking took it (was too tired) to his home after driving whole night. But while driving met an accident & a 8 year old girl died. Internal committee recommended to fire but final decision will be taken by MD.

• ·        A situation of a group of farmers currently earning 6 lakhs per year each, were given an opportunity of entering into contract farming by an MNC where they could earn 8 lakhs per year but had doubts regarding the soil quality by growing the genetically modified crops for the MNC.

• ·        The case was a person who is in the business of supplying metal parts to automobile companies and defense sector was facing a dilemma since similar businesses in his area were closing down due to loss of income. His own business had turned unprofitable in the sector of automobiles and he was sustaining only due to income from the Defense sector to where he was supplying materials. Also, since his entire family history was in producing of raw metals and not this supply chain he could not even ask money from his family since no one would help him as he had gone out of the family business. Also, he had taken a loan of 4 lacs from some person and now it was overdue to be paid back. Discuss in such a situation what he should do.

• ·        The country’s biggest NGO for children is offered a huge donation from a big conglomerate whose major product is cigarettes and which is known for buying off its opposition by making such donation. What would you, as the manager of the NGO do?

• ·        The case discussion was about polio vaccine.

• ·        It was about a person Hari working for chemical company who built a plant near river Ganges and had permission from Pollution board to dump wastes in river but additional phase is required to treat wastes.His supervisor denies him building additional phase stating company is in tight financial conditions and he’s new here so should obey orders and or else CEO will remove him.Discuss what should Hari do?

• ·        About a company planning to venture into a different sector.

• ·        Case study regarding electricity grid failure. 3 mins to read and jot down points. 10 mins of discussion.

• ·        It was based on a dilemma faced by a strategic manager of an MNC, where he had to choose between profit for the company, and work ethics. We had to reach a consensus on whether the manager should continue unethical practices to maximize the company's profits, or take diverse measures.

• ·        It was a about a cake manufacturing company which was facing losses for the past few months and had a personal brand of cakes. It was given an opportunity to become a subcontractor for another company. So, we were asked to suggest the right course of action.

• ·        The case given was an ethics/ human resource management situation.

• ·        The case study given to my group was related to sales. It asked us to discuss if it was okay to compromise with the revenue of the company to increase the market share.

• ·        There is a man Narain. Narain works as a hardware maintenance engineer in Keep it right. He now got to know about ABC which is an institution of international stature and has 3 vacancies for the post of computer programmer. Narain applied and because among the 10 candidates he was the only one with work experience, he gets selected. He is recruited with a probation period of 1 year. In some months Narain’s department head Mr. Siva Dasia gets to listen about Narain’s incompetency and irresponsible behaviour from the clients. Siva Dasia asks Narain to workunder him. In two months he observes that Narain’s programs are full of errors. He thus decides to dismiss him. He conveys the same to Narain and give him recommendation in three companies where he could apply. Narain gives interviews in all the three and gets rejected.Finally, he gets a stay order from court which says that Siva Dasia cannot remove Narain. What should Siva Dasia do?

• ·        Something about a new company hiring all talents from the existing ones.

 

 

New IIMs (CAP)

 

 

• ·        Success of an educational institution depends on placements it provides and the no of research papers it publishes in a year. Write your own review about it.

• ·        Something on the lines whether technology is good or bad for the current industry scenario.

• ·        Regarding relevance of MeToo movement.

• ·        What are your views on discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in Indian society? What future course of action should be taken to address this?

• ·        The success of educational institutions should be measured based on placements and the number of faculties.

• ·        Can Public Transport help in reducing Traffic woes of Major cities and do you think the government has done enough to improve public transport?

• ·        Is Man the most dangerous animal on planet earth?

• ·        Air pollution become a major problem in many parts of India. What are the causes and what are your suggestions to solve it?

• ·        Should India also try to do medical courses like china for barefoot doctors to prevent overcrowding of hospitals?

• ·        Sharing everything about life on social media. Your take on this trend.

• ·        Why is India called the land of festivals? How are festivals important for India?

• ·        As doctors provides essential services to community, should they go on strike?

• ·        India is keen on boosting digital transactions. Why are digital transactions important? Why has India failed to achieve so despite many efforts?

• ·        Should writers be free of express their views even if it challenges beliefs of certain individuals or groups?

• ·        Do the children of politicians and businessman perform better in the same profession than the outsiders? State your opinion in 300 words in 20 minutes.

• ·        As technology develops, we will have less travelling for work. Discuss the implications of this on Social and Work life of individuals.

• ·        Today people tend to put the most mundane and little things of their life on social media platforms like Facebook and WhatsApp. What are your views on it?

• ·        How digital photography and cinematography is making everything virtual reality? Would it replace real zoos with virtual zoos? If yes what would be its impact?

• ·        With increasing influence of technology in our lives, is there even a need for digital?

• ·        Effect of Facebook and Twitter on our Personal and Public Life

• ·        Weddings and restaurants have different varieties of food and most of the time a large amount goes waste. In a country like India, we cannot afford that. What are your thoughts about the same?

• ·        ‘Freedom of expression in digital media’.

• ·        If you were to start a business, what would that be, what steps you will take?